BACKGROUND Exposure of cells to very short (<1 µs) electric pulses in the megavolt/meter range have been shown to cause a multitude of effects, both physical and molecular in nature. Physically, nanosecond electrical pulses (nsEP) can cause disruption of the plasma membrane, cellular swelling, shrinking and blebbing. Molecularly, nsEP have been shown to activate signaling pathways, produce oxid...

We are indebted to Hans Selye (1947, 1956,1974) for the general adaptation syndrome. Hans Selye observed correctly that chronic stress leads to chronic disease. 1. Stage one is acute nonadapted reaction. 2. Stage two is adaptation reaction. 3. Stage three is chronic nonadapted reaction. Hans Selye has spent much time in evoking inflammation and relieving and/or blocking inflammatory reactions. ...

Lifespan extension under mild stress is frequently observed although difficult to quantify and generalize as previous studies differed substantially in specific experimental arrangements. We cultured the budding yeast in several environments defined by different temperature, source of energy, saline concentration or combinations of these factors. Cells obtained under different growth regimes we...

Peroxiredoxins (Prx), a family of peroxidases that reduce intracellular peroxides with the thioredoxin system as the electron donor, are highly expressed in various cellular compartments. Among the antioxidant Prx enzymes, Prx2 is the most abundant in mammalian neurons, making it a prime candidate to defend against oxidative stress. Here we report that Prx2 is S-nitrosylated (forming SNO-Prx2) ...

Reactive multilayer films are a high energy dense configuration for energetics widely studied various pyrotechnic applications. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence substrate–induced localized stress on combustion properties Al/CuO reactive thin films. Square microbumps patterned glass substrates serve as embedded stressor elements. Stress-induced structural or morphologi...

In the practice of "osmotic stress," the effect of excluded cosolvents on a biochemical equilibrium is interpreted as the number of water molecules participating in the reaction. This action is attributed to lowering of solvent water activity by the cosolvent. This concept of osmotic stress in disperse solution is erroneous: (i) A cosolvent cannot be both excluded and inert, i.e., noninteractin...

Photorespiration results from the oxygenase reaction catalysed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. In this reaction glycollate-2-phosphate is produced and subsequently metabolized in the photorespiratory pathway to form the Calvin cycle intermediate glycerate-3-phosphate. During this metabolic process, CO2 and NH3 are produced and ATP and reducing equivalents are consumed, thus ...

Over the past decade, the University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index has been one of the most widely used instruments for the assessment of traumatized children and adolescents. This paper reviews its development and modifications that have been made as the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder have evolved. The paper also provides a d...

In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to study the electrochemical lithiation of high-capacity crystalline Si nanoparticles for use in Li-ion battery anodes. The lithiation reaction slows down as it progresses into the particle interior, and analysis suggests that this behavior is due not to diffusion limitation but instead to the influence of mechanical stress on the driving f...

Background Acute stress reaction (ASR) following a stressful event is associated with stress-related mental disorders. However, no studies have investigated the relationships between ASR symptom clusters. The present study aimed to provide fine-grained understanding of complex among clusters and identify central using network analysis. Methods Stress Reaction Scale (ASRS) was used investigate s...