A simulation study was performed to see whether selection affected quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. Populations under random selection, under selection among full-sib families, and under selection within a full-sib family were simulated each with heritability of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. They were analyzed with the marker spacing of 10 cM and 20 cM. The accuracy for QTL detection decreased for t...

The majority of studies of the birth spacing-child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher ord...

Echolocating bats emit sonar pulses and listen to returning echoes to probe their surroundings. Bats adapt their echolocation call design to cope with dynamic changes in the acoustic environment, including habitat change or the presence of nearby conspecifics/heterospecifics. Seven pairs of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, were tested in this study to examine how they adjusted their echolocati...

This paper assesses the effect of filter spacing on melody recognition by normal-hearing (NH) and cochlear implant (CI) subjects. A new semitone filter spacing is proposed for music. The quality of melodies processed by the various filter spacings is also evaluated. Results from NH listeners showed nearly perfect melody recognition with only four channels of stimulation, and results from CI use...

Despite the clear long-term benefits of spaced practice, students and teachers often choose massed practice. Whether learners actually fail to appreciate the benefits of spacing is, however, open to question. Early studies (e.g., Zechmeister & Shaughnessy, 1980) found that participants' judgments of learning were higher after massed than after spaced repetitions, but more recent studies have fo...

Learners of all ages face complex decisions about how to study effectively. Here we investigated three such decisions made in concert—time allocation, ordering, and spacing. First, college students were presented with, and made judgments of learning about, 16 word-synonym pairs. Then, when presented with all 16 pairs, they created their own study schedule by choosing when and how long to study ...

This article investigated individual control of spacing strategies during study. Three predictions were outlined: The spacing hypothesis suggests that people choose to space their study to improve long-term learning via the spacing effect. The massing hypothesis suggests that people choose to mass their study because of illusions of confidence during study. The metacognitive hypothesis suggests...

Research suggests that spaced learning, compared with massed learning, results in superior long-term retention (the spacing effect). Son (2010) identified a potentially important moderator of the spacing effect: metacognitive control. Specifically, when participants chose massed restudy but were instead forced to space the restudy, the spacing effect disappeared in adults (or was reduced in chi...

spreading faba bean (vicia faba) cultivation can enhance the sustainability of cropping systems and have other important benefits. however, there is little information on the various aspects of production management for this crop. then, this experiment was carried out to study the response of some agronomic characteristics of faba bean cv barakat to inter- (15, 30, 45 and 60 cm) and intra-row (...