The flow field, bubble distribution and solidified shell in slab mold are numerically simulated with large eddy simulation (LES) under different electromagnetic braking (EMBr) conditions, assisted high-temperature quantitative velocity measurement. calculated velocities on the surface good agreement measured values of industrial experiment at high temperature rod deflection method EMBr conditio...

The amphibious leafless sedge Eleocharis vivipara develops C4-like traits as well as Kranz anatomy under terrestrial conditions, but it develops C3-like traits without Kranz anatomy under submerged conditions. When submerged plants are exposed to aerial conditions, they rapidly produce new photosynthetic tissues with C4-like traits. In this study, experiments were performed to determine whether...

Complete submergence of plants prevents direct O(2) and CO(2) exchange with air. Underwater photosynthesis can result in marked diurnal changes in O(2) supply to submerged plants. Dynamics in pO(2) had not been measured directly for submerged rice (Oryza sativa), but in an earlier study, radial O(2) loss from roots showed an initial peak following shoot illumination. O(2) dynamics in shoots and...

Spartina alterniflora, a perennial grass with C(4)-photosynthesis, shows great invading potential in the coastal ecosystems in the east of China. We compared trace gas emissions from S. alterniflora with those from a native C(3) plant, Phragmites australis, by establishing brackish marsh mesocosms to experimentally assess the effects of plant species (S. alterniflora vs. P. australis), flooding...

Living stromatolites growing in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park are composed of silica-encrusted cyanobacterial mats. Two cyanobacterial mat types grow on the stromatolite surfaces and are preserved as two distinct lithofacies. One mat is present when the stromatolites are submerged or at the water-atmosphere interface and the other when stromatolites protrude from the hot spring. The...

The amphibious leafless sedge Eleocharis vivipara develops C 4 -like traits as well as Kranz anatomy under terrestrial conditions, but it develops C 3 -like traits without Kranz anatomy under submerged conditions. When submerged plants are exposed to aerial conditions, they rapidly produce new photosynthetic tissues with C 4 -like traits. In this study, experiments were performed to determine w...

N.sitophila was grown under controlled conditions of solid state and submerged fermentation on Sago hampas. The optimum conditions of protein enrichment previously established for sugar beet pulp was used for this study. Under this condition the protein content of Sago hampas under solid state increased from 1.4 to 14.45% (W/W) whereas for Sago hampas and Sago starch, the protein content under ...

Jets that expand from an orifice into ambient water body represent a basic flow model for depositional environments related to expanding flows. Momentum-dominated jets evolve gravity-dominated density To understand this transition and its sedimentological relevance, three-dimensional tank experiments with submerged wall were conducted, systematically varying parameters such as the initial diffe...

Invasion by free-floating species, such as Eichhornia crassipes, is one of the most critical threats to the biodiversity and sustainability of wetland ecosystems, where all plants experience spatial heterogeneity in substrate nutrients. However, few studies have focused on the effects of free-floating invaders on the capacity of submerged plants to utilize substrate nutrients. A 10-week greenho...

Water circulation in storage tanks significantly impacts water quality distribution networks since old tends to have low residual chlorine concentrations that are insufficient neutralize microbial regeneration. Their large capacity and long residence times result uneven mixing, which can accelerate the disinfectant decay formation of potentially carcinogenic disinfection by-products. The phenom...