melasma is a common acquired skin disorder. while different treatments are currently being used, in many cases it is refractory to treatment. according to the effects of topical steroids in decreasing skin pigmentation, we studied the efficacy of this new method for treatment of melasma. a total of 42 women with facial melasma, admitted to the department of dermatology of hamadan, were enrolled...

Steroids have been a mainstay of treatment for ophthalmic disease for decades. Systemic administration carries the greatest risk of side effects, some of which are quite serious. While topical administration of steroid is the easiest and has the least risk of side effects, this route of administration is also probably least effective due to limited drug delivery to the retina. Retrobulbar or su...

lumbar puncture is one of the most common methods for assessment of central nervous system. allen is illustrating the role of nurses in relation to probable fears about this technique. question: what is lumbar puncture? answer: this technique is proper method that one needle and trocar enter to subarachnoid space in lumbar spine. this method is most common diagnostic test for central nervous sy...

background: intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) is an advanced technique employed in assisted reproductive clinics for treatment of infertile couples. the reproductive endocrinologists try their level best to identify factors that enhance success rate after icsi. objective: to compare estradiol progesterone ratio on ovulation induction day amongst pregnancy outcome groups following icsi. ma...

the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (icsi) and piezo-assisted sperm injection after pretreatment with calcium ionophore (cai) on the mouse embryo development. methods: in this study, the conventional icsi and piezo-icsi procedures were used. the efficacy of the methods was examined after mouse matured oocytes were fertilized with or witho...