Forty-one HIV-1 strains from Gabonese patients were studied according to the following strategy: nested polymerase chain reaction were performed to obtain an approximately 1,100-bp fragment containing the protease gene and the 5' half of the reverse transcriptase gene. Additional amplifications were carried out to obtain an approximately 700-bp fragment encompassing the C2V3 env gene. Fragments...

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B infections, the emergence of viruses able to use CXCR4 as a coreceptor is well documented and associated with accelerated CD4 decline and disease progression. However, in HIV-1 subtype C infections, responsible for more than 50% of global infections, CXCR4 usage is less common, even in individuals with advanced disease. A reliable phenoty...

Diverse and distinct subtypes of HIV-1, including complex circulating recombi-nant forms (CRFs), have been outstrip-ping the prototypic subtype B isolates in much of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. However, in the course of drug development , preclinical in vitro studies, pivotal clinical trials, and analyasis of long-term treatment have largely focused on subtype B virus infection. With " sca...

Although the most predominant subtype of invasive lung adenocarcinoma has been reported to have clinical significance, a major limitation of this concept is that most tumors are mixed-subtype. Therefore, we aimed to determine the individual prognostic significance of each subtype and also attempted to establish a pathologic index that reflects the pathologic subtypes and overall heterogeneity o...

BACKGROUND Subtype-specific response to ketoamide NS3 protease inhibitors is observed in patients with genotype 1 HCV infection. Whether the genetic diversity in the molecular target site of ketoamide compounds prior to treatment plays a role for resistance development and lower treatment response in subtype 1a is poorly understood. METHODS Using a public database, we retrieved worldwide NS3-...

OBJECTIVE Analyze patients with HIV infection from Curitiba, Paraná, their epidemiological characteristics and HIV RAM. METHODS Patients regularly followed in an ID Clinic had their medical data evaluated and cases of virological failure were analyzed with genotypic report. RESULTS Patients with complete medical charts were selected (n = 191). Demographic and clinical characteristics were c...

Significant progress has been made in characterizing broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV envelope glycoprotein Env, but an effective vaccine has proven elusive. Vaccine development would be facilitated if common features of early founder virus required for transmission could be identified. Here we employ a combination of bioinformatic and operations research methods to determine the...

The phylogenic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the env gene has enabled classification of HIV-1 into three groups. The group M of HIV-1 infection has been classified into 9 different genetic subtypes A-K, with E and I being classified as circulating recombinants forms (CRFs). The groups O and N are less frequently encountered in human infections. Presently group M of HIV-1 globally caus...

Background.  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs) often accompany treatment failure. Although subtype differences are widely studied, DRM comparisons between subtypes either focus on specific geographic regions or include populations with heterogeneous treatments. Methods.  We characterized DRM patterns following first-line failure and their impact on future tre...