Properties of the organic matrix of bone as well as its function in the microstructure could be the key to the remarkable mechanical properties of bone. Previously, it was found that on the molecular level, calcium-mediated sacrificial bonds increased stiffness and enhanced energy dissipation in bone constituent molecules. Here we present evidence for how this sacrificial bond and hidden length...

The content of osteocalcin and protein bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) was studied as a function of bone maturation and mineralization in normal and vitamin D-deficient, rachitic chickens. The Gla/Ca2+ ratio was elevated in rachitic bone, particularly in the most undermineralized regions. For example, there is a 10- to 20-fold elevation in Gla/Ca2+ in the newly synthesized, least mineral...

The effect of tubule orientation of dentin on the elastic modulus of resin-infiltrated dentin was evaluated. Rectangular cylindricalshaped dentin specimens with their long axis parallel to and perpendicular to dentinal tubules were prepared from extracted premolars. Twenty-five mineralized specimens of each orientation were evaluated. The remaining specimens were then demineralized. The deminer...

[1] Sedimentary molybdenum, [Mo]s, has been widely used as a proxy for benthic redox potential owing to its generally strong enrichment in organic-rich marine facies deposited under oxygen-depleted conditions. A detailed analysis of [Mo]s–total organic carbon (TOC) covariation in modern anoxic marine environments and its relationship to ambient water chemistry suggests that (1) [Mo]s, while use...

The Lut Block is a potential porphyry-style mineralized region in Iran including the well-explored Shadan porphyry gold-copper deposit, which has an extensive zone of gold- and copper-bearing stockwork-like sheeted veins. structural setting this deposit key to understanding genesis mineralization. Our field studies show that mineralization occurs as steeply dipping ore bodies along NW–SE transp...

Sulfidic mine tailings are potential waste materials from mining and mineral processing, they can contain a high content of sulfur metal(loid)s, even after bioleaching. Due to the large amount historical mining, it is crucial find alternative methods for utilizing such rather than permanent storage in impoundments. One-part alkali-activated slag mortars promising co-binder systems recycling sul...

Pyrite and arsenopyrite are known to be the most common gold-bearing sulfide minerals in refractory gold ores. Traditionally, these have been first oxidized by roasting, acidic pressure oxidation or bio-oxidation release gold, after which is dissolved subsequent cyanide leaching step. The chloride (chloride-bromide) solution presents an alternative cyanide-free media, able not only leach minera...

Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering must be able to instruct cell behavior in the presence of the complex biophysical and biomolecular environments encountered in vivo. While soluble supplementation strategies have been identified to enhance osteogenesis, they are subject to significant diffusive loss in vivo or the need for frequent re-addition in vitro. This investigation therefore explo...