We present a kinetic theory of homogeneous bubble nucleation based on explicit calculation of the single-molecule evaporation and condensation rates as a function of the size of the vapor embryo. The surface condensation rate is calculated from the kinetic theory of gases, and the surface evaporation rate is related to the rate of escape of molecules from a potential well in the field establish...

Several experimental evidences differentiating an insoluble monomolecular film just on the air/ water interface from an adsorbed film of soluble amphiphile solution are presented in order to suggest that the adsorbed film is not located at the air/solution interface. The difference between the two films can be observed by evaporation rates of water across the air/solution interface of three kin...

Surface momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes are critical for atmospheric processes such as clouds and precipitation, and are parameterized in a variety of models ranging from cloud-resolving models to largescale weather and climatemodels. However, direct evaluation of the parameterization schemes for these surface fluxes is rare due to limited observations. This study takes advantag...

The impact of the leading quantum gravity effects on the dynamics of the Hawking evaporation process of a black hole is investigated. Its spacetime structure is described by a renormalization group improved Vaidya metric. Its event horizon, apparent horizon, and timelike limit surface are obtained taking the scale dependence of Newton’s constant into account. The emergence of a quantum ergosphe...

We tested the hypothesis that birds can rapidly change the conductance of water vapor at the skin surface in response to a changing need for evaporative heat loss. Mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) were placed in a two-compartment chamber separating the head from the rest of the body. The rate of cutaneous evaporation was measured in response to dry ventilatory inflow at three ambient temperatu...

The evaporation and the thermal accommodation coefficients for water in nitrogen were investigated by means of the analysis of evaporation of pure water droplet as a function of temperature. The droplet was levitated in an electrodynamic trap placed in a climatic chamber. The levitation time was in the range of seconds, which corresponds to the characteristic time scales of cloud droplet growth...

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis total precipitation estimates are validated against ten years of in situ precipitation measurements onboard of ships over the Baltic Sea. A statistical analysis for binary forecasts and mean rain rates derived from all data show a good agreement with observations. However, a closer look reveals an underestimation ...

In this paper, we focus on ram-pressure stripping and evaporation of disk galaxies in and around a cluster. We show that the evolution of the disk surface density affects the efficiency of ram-pressure stripping of galaxies at z ∼ 1. We also consider the saturation of thermal conduction in detail and show that it cannot be ignored at larger radii of a cluster, which makes the time-scale of the ...

We describe the design and application of a surface electron microscope which has been constructed to study the in situ growth dynamics occurring on III-V semiconductor surfaces during molecular beam epitaxy. Mirror electron microscopy and photo-emission electron microscopy (PEEM) are used to ellucidate the physics of Langmuir (free) evaporation of GaAs. Of particular interest is the formation ...

A physically based, variably saturated flow model was developed to predict soil water dynamics, evapotranspiration (ET) from the vadose zone, and recharge to (or exfiltration from) the saturated zone using mean daily atmospheric forcings and to identify the value of diurnal climate forcings on those predictions. The vadose zone flow is modelled using the Galerkin finite element technique to sol...