We consider three new axioms for surplus sharing problems. The rst is strong monotonicity which says that workers should be rewarded for increases in productivity and the second says that productive workers should receive some compensation. The third requires that the surplus sharing rule should be well de ned (and continuous on) the set of threshold functions. We show that none of the standard...

We estimate the welfare associated with the Medicare HMO program, now known as Medicare+Choice (M+C). We find that the creation of the M+C program resulted in approximately $15.6 billion in consumer surplus and $52 billion in profits from 1993 to 2000 (in 2000 dollars). This program most likely generated significant net social welfare. However, we find that consumer surplus is geographically un...

We build a model of credit card pricing that explicitly takes into account credit functionality. We show that a monopoly card network always selects an interchange fee that exceeds the level that maximizes consumer surplus. If regulators only care about consumer surplus, a conservative regulatory approach is to cap interchange fees based on retailers’ net avoided costs from not having to provid...

We evaluated the airway activity of the novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor SB 207499 [Ariflo; c-4-cyano-4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxyp henyl-r-1-cyclohexane carboxylic acid)], in the guinea pig. Ovalbumin (OA)-induced contractions of guinea pig isolated tracheal strips were inhibited by SB 207499 with an EC50 of 1 microM but had little or no effect on exogenous agonist-induced contraction...

orpiment, getchellite and stibnite from zarshuran deposit, nw iran, exhibit extensive as-sb substitution. there are four known minerals along as2s3-sb2s3 join, i.e. orpiment (as2s3), wakabayashilite [(as,sb)20s30], getchellite (assbs3) and stibnite (sb2s3). extensive mineralogical studies by scanning electron microscope (sem) and electron probe micro-analyzer (epma) indicate that getchellite fr...

The electronic and geometric structures of the clean a,nd Sb terminated Si(lOO)2x1 and Ge(lOO)-2x1 surfaaces have been investigated using a multi-technique approach. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), surface extended X-ray absorption fine structure (SEXAFS) spectroscopy and angle-integrated core-level photoemission electron spectroscopy (PES) were empl...

The World Wide Web makes it easy for users to access various services online, such as online shopping in e-commerce, online financing in P2P lending networks, and even working online on freelancing platforms. A fundamentally important function of web applications is Online Service Allocation (OSA), which means matching service consumers with ‘appropriate’ goods (i.e., products/loans/jobs) from ...

The equitable division of a joint cost (or a jointly produced output) among agents with different shares or types of output (or input) commodities, is a central theme of the theory of cooperative games with transferable utility. Ever since Shapley’s seminal contribution in 1953, this question has generated some of the deepest axiomatic results of modern microeconomic theory. More recently, the ...

A model of surplus values within information ecosystems is presented. The model is based on the classical definition of surplus value. However, as this definition was developed within a manufacturing industry context, some modifications are necessary to adopt it to the context of information ecosystems, e.g., by taking into account that products are “virtual” rather than physical. Just as in ag...