For spontaneous breaking of global or gauge symmetry, it is superfluous to assume that the vacuum expectation value of the scalar field manifesting the symmetry is nonvanishing. The vacuum with spontaneous symmetry breaking simply corresponds to the nonzero number of particles of one or more components of the real scalar field.

We calculate the exact tree-level scalar mass matrices resulting from symmetry breaking using the most general gauge-invariant scalar potential of the 331 model, both with and without the condition that lepton number is conserved. Physical masses are also obtained in some cases, as well as couplings to standard and exotic gauge bosons.

Molecular replacement (MR) is a well-established computational method for phasing in macromolecular crystallography. In MR searches, spaces of motions are explored for determining the appropriate placement of rigid single-body (or articulated multi-rigid-body) models of macromolecules in crystallographic asymmetric units. This paper investigates which portion of the motion space is physically r...

We review the theoretical predictions for ρ • –ω mixing and conclude in many ways that ρ • |H em |ω ∼ −5000 MeV 2 , more in line with earlier analyses of charge symmetry violation and with present data.

Symmetry breaking induced by top quark loops from a model without scalar mass. Abstract Considering the standard model as an eeective electroweak theory, in which we have no scalar mass term in the Higgs potential (2 = 0), we show that the spontaneous symmetry breaking of SU(2) L U(1) can be induced by top loops. The Higgs boson mass obtained is smaller than 300 GeV.

In this paper, using the Lie group analysis method, we study the invariance properties of the general time fractional fifth-order Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation. A systematic research to derive Lie point symmetries of the equation is performed. In the sense of point symmetry, all of the geometric vector fields and the symmetry reductions of the equation are obtained, the exact power series so...