Abstract. In this paper, we introduce the concept of T−fuzzy interior ideal, T−fuzzy simple, T−fuzzy bi-ideal, and generalized T−fuzzy bi-ideal of a Γ−semigroup. We characterize Γ−semigroups through T−fuzzification. We find equivalent conditions on these fuzzy subsets in simple Γ−semigroups and Γ−semigroups. Finally, we establish a necessary and sufficient condition for a T -fuzzy bi-ideal to b...

We investigated the properties of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) derived from Trichoderma harzianum. The enzyme, comprised of 572 amino acids, shares high homology with PAF-AH proteins from T. koningii and other microbial species. The optimum enzymatic activity of PAF-AH occurred at pH 6 in the absence of Ca2+ and it localized in the cytoplasm, and we observed the upregulat...

The potential of the biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum T-203 to trigger plant defense responses was investigated by inoculating roots of cucumber seedlings with Trichoderma in an aseptic, hydroponic system. Trichoderma-treated plants were more developed than nontreated plants throughout the experiment. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections from Trichoderma-treated roots revealed penetr...

Overlooking the importance of insect disease can have disastrous effects on insect conservation. This study reported the microfungi that infect Pteroptyx bearni eggs and larvae during ex-situ rearing project. Two different species of microfungi that infected the firefly's immature life stages were isolated and identified. Penicillium citrinum infected the firefly's eggs while Trichoderma harzia...

Twenty isolates of Bacillus species obtained from livestock manure composts and cotton-waste composts were tested for their antagonistic effects in vitro against three green mold pathogens of mushrooms (Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii, and T. viridescens). However, there exists a possibility Bacillus species may have antagonistic effects against mushrooms themselves, and thus the same 20 iso...

An environmentally compatible method for controlling sapstain fungi in wood was evaluated, using a combination of chitosan and an albino strain Trichoderma harzianum, biological control agent (BCA). The growth penetration into the Ophiostoma piceae, Leptographium procerum, Sphaeropsis sapinea were assessed radiata pine wafers treated with BCA, both alone combination. Several mycological microsc...