Chest radiography (CXR) has been used as an effective tool for screening tuberculosis (TB). Because of the lack of radiological expertise in resource-constrained regions, automatic analysis of CXR is appealing as a “first reader”. In addition to screening the CXR for disease, it is critical to highlight locations of the disease in abnormal CXRs. In this paper, we focus on the task of locating T...

SETTING Two districts of the Free State Province in South Africa. OBJECTIVE To determine the predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test uptake by tuberculosis (TB) patients. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 600 TB patients in 61 primary health care facilities. Probability proportional-to-size sampling was used to determine the number of patients recruited at ea...

BACKGROUND A rapid diagnostic test for active tuberculosis (TB) at the clinical point-of-care could expedite case detection and accelerate TB treatment initiation. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a rapid urine lipoarabinomannan (LAM) test for TB screening among HIV-infected adults in a TB-endemic setting. METHODS We prospectively enrolled newly-diagnosed HIV-infected adults (≥18 years)...

discussion isoniazid chemoprophylaxis dose not completely prevent from tb development. therefore, we should observe and evaluate all the cases that have a history of close contact with smear positive ptb using isoniazid prophylaxis. introduction children, especially those younger than six years old are very susceptible to tuberculosis (tb); therefore, there is need for preventive intervention t...

A novel assay is described for multiplex detection of antibodies against different pathogens from a single sample. The assay employs a modified lateral flow format (consecutive flow, CF) together with a sensitive reporter particle technology (up-converting phosphor technology, UPT) that allows for fully instrumented assay analysis. Lateral flow (LF) strips developed for the detection of human a...

BACKGROUND Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) and most pediatric TB cannot be diagnosed using sputum-based assays. The epidemiological impact of different strategies to diagnose EPTB and pediatric TB is unclear. METHODS We developed a dynamic epidemic model of TB in a hypothetical population with epidemiological characteristics similar to India. We evaluated the impact of four alternative dia...

BACKGROUND BCG vaccination in low prevalence countries is controversial. Most discussions have been done by the comparison of benefit, side effect and cost of BCG vaccination. No discussion has been done on the disadvantage of BCG vaccination from the point of view of loss of sensitivity and specificity of tuberculin test on the diagnosis of LTBI. METHOD Three groups, i.e. the BCG vaccination...

background: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) makes infected cases prone to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis (tb) due to impaired immunity of the body, especially multi drug resistant (mdr) ones which are a major concern. with hiv outbreak starting late in the 20th century, the international health community is observing a huge rise in the incidence of this complex disease. herein, w...

OBJECTIVE To examine self-reported risks for tuberculosis (TB) infection relative to recalled receipt of TB risk assessments and skin testing in a cohort of urban adolescents. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Survey of ninth graders and their parents from 3 inner-city public high schools. Students and parents were asked about TB infection risk factors, frequency of routine health maintenance...