Numerous land surface models exist for predicting water and energy fluxes in the terrestrial environment. These land surface models have different conceptualizations (i.e., process or physics based), together with structural differences in representing spatial variability, alternate empirical methods, mathematical formulations and computational approach. These inherent differences in modeling a...

abstract the effect of land use type on soil functioning within an ecosystem can be assessed and monitored using soil quality attributes. such studies, which are carried out to create a balance between the biological production and the maintenance and improvement of land resource quality, provide a framework for land degradation control and also for identification of sustainable management. in ...

Nowadays, GPS (global positioning system) receivers are aided by INS (inertial navigation systems) to achieve more precision and stability in land-vehicular navigation. KF (Kalman filter) is a conventional method which is used for the navigation system to estimate the navigational parameters, when INS measurements are fused with GPS data. However, new generation of INS, which relies on MEMS (mi...