The relative importance of genetic and socio-cultural influences contributing to the success of east Africans in endurance athletics remains unknown in part because the pre-training phenotype of this population remains incompletely assessed. Here cardiopulmonary fitness, physical activity levels, distance travelled to school and daily energy expenditure in 15 habitually active male (13.9±1.6 ye...

Eighty crossbred, virgin, yearling beef bulls were subjected to three serving capacity (SC) tests. Ten low SC (LSC) and 10 high SC (HSC) bulls similar in weight (avg wt = 452 kg), testicular size and seminal traits but differing in average services were selected. Objectives were to evaluate the mating behavior and fertility of LSC and HSC bulls at pasture when exposed to an average and a heavy ...

Animal migration is one of the great wonders of nature, but the factors that determine how far migrants travel remain poorly understood. We present a new quantitative model of animal migration and use it to describe the maximum migration distance of walking, swimming and flying migrants. The model combines biomechanics and metabolic scaling to show how maximum migration distance is constrained ...

Persistence of an infectious agent in a population is an important issue in epidemiology. It is assumed that spatially fragmenting a population of hosts increases the probability of persistence of an infectious agent and that movement of hosts between the patches is vital for that. The influence of migration on persistence is however often studied in mean-field models, whereas in reality the ac...

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a well studied logistical problem along with its various variants such as VRP customer Time-Window (VRPTW). However, all the previously assume that vehicles are mostly same in terms of their capacity, location and home (depot). This study uses agent-based approach for solving VRPTW vehicle’s unique depot. to minimise number used main target. Other targets in...

Background and Objective: Depression is a common disorder, especially in developed countries. Functional changes of cholinesterase are involved in pathogenesis of some brain disorders. Until now, exact association of these changes with depression has not been determined. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of serum cholinesterase in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced model of depress...

The Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) is a well-know and complex combinatorial problem, which has received considerable attention in recent years. This problem has been addressed using many different techniques including both exact and heuristic methods. The VRPTW benchmark problems of Solomon (1987) have been most commonly chosen to evaluate and to compare all solutions propose...

Autonomous vehicles are being viewed with scepticism in their ability to improve safety and the driving experience. A critical issue with automated driving at this stage of its development is that it is not yet reliable and safe. When automated driving fails, or is limited, the autonomous mode disengages and the drivers are expected to resume manual driving. For this transition to occur safely,...