Abstract This paper reviews the state of artificial intelligence (AI) and quest to create general AI with human-like cognitive capabilities. Although existing methods have produced powerful applications that outperform humans in specific bounded domains, these techniques fundamental limitations hinder creation intelligent systems. In parallel, over last few decades, an explosion experimental ne...

BACKGROUND Carbon isotope ratio methods are used in doping control to determine whether urinary steroids are endogenous or pharmaceutical. METHODS Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) was used to determine the delta(13)C values for 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diyl diacetate (5 beta A), 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diyl diacetate (5 alpha A), an...

We report on a new atomic force microscope (AFM)-based data storage concept called the “Millipede” that has a potentially ultrahigh density, terabit capacity, small form factor, and high data rate. Its potential for ultrahigh storage density has been demonstrated by a new thermomechanical local-probe technique to store and read back data in very thin polymer films. With this new technique, 30–4...

Sir James Spence, whose recent death was such a loss to British medicine, has many memorials in the form of his contributions to knowledge; a significant memorial is that of this account of the "thousand family survey" which he inaugurated and inspired. He guided the book, which is the story of the survey, almost to the point of publication and so, as the authors state, it is a memorial "largel...

©FFPRHC J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2007: 33(4) Background Abortion induced by physical trauma has a long history. This article describes bas-relief sculptures in Angkor Wat, Cambodia dating from the 9th to the 12th centuries, and compares them to contemporary observations of massage abortion. The Cambodian carvings, along with two similar representations in Indonesia, are the earliest known...

We address the task of entity linking to multiple knowledge bases (KB). In particular, we investigate the use of over one thousand domain-specific KBs derived from Wikia.com collections in conjunction with the Wikipedia collection as a background-knowledge repository. Our system employs a two-step approach: for each document, a supervised model with a large set of features detects whether there...

Bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) were captured across a salinity gradient from freshwater (FW) to seawater (SW). Across all salinities, C. leucas were hyperosmotic to the environment. Plasma osmolarity in FW-captured animals (642 +/- 7 mosM) was significantly reduced compared to SW-captured animals (1067 +/- 21 mosM). In FW animals, sodium, chloride and urea were 208 +/- 3, 203 +/- 3 and 192 +...