The purpose of this study is to provide an empirical analysis of the relationship between ownership structure of French firms and their value. Using data for 510 French publicly traded firms, the current study provides evidence in support of the entrenchment hypothesis. The results show that large controlling shareholders maintaining grip on control while holding only a small fraction of cash f...

this article tries to explain the background and the logic of army forces creation in irgc considering irgc's fundamental purposes and its institutional evolution during the war. these forces' function during the last years of the war is discussed briefly at the end of the essay.

introduction: in recent years, public universities have faced many socio-economic changes. on one hand, these universities are under the main influence of the independence resulted from article 49 of law of the fourth economic, social and cultural development plan of the islamic republic of iran, and on the other hand, they have undergone double pressure due to the alterations in the number of ...

Constraints on phenotypic variation limit the capacity of organisms to adapt to the multiple selection pressures encountered in natural environments. To better understand evolutionary dynamics in this context, we select Escherichia coli for faster migration through a porous environment, a process which depends on both motility and growth. We find that a trade-off between swimming speed and grow...

© 2009 Stephen Finlay S ince its publication in 1979, Bernard Williams’ “Internal and External Reasons”1 has been one of the most influential and widely discussed papers in ethics. I suggest here that the paper’s argument has nevertheless been universally misunderstood.2 On the standard interpretations, his argument — which he subsequently elaborated and de...

Although object-orientation has been around for several decades, its key concept abstraction has not been exploited for proper application of object-orientation in other phases of software development than the implementation phase. We mention some issues that lead to a lot of confusion and obscurity with object-orientation and its application in software development. We describe object-orientat...