Axons from dorsal/ventral tiers of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and retrorubral field (RRF) were traced after injecting their cell body with biotinylated dextran amine. Fifty-three single axons were reconstructed from serial sagittal sections with a camera lucida, and mu-opiate receptor immunostaining served to differentiate the striosome/matrix striatal c...

Many large ISP networks today rely on route-reflection [1] to allow their iBGP to scale. Route-reflection was officially introduced to limit the number of iBGP sessions, compared to the n×(n−1) 2 sessions required by an iBGP fullmesh. Besides its impact on the number of iBGP sessions, route-reflection has consequences on the diversity of the routes known to the routers inside an AS. In this pap...

This article presents issues associated with the implementation of a three-tier response to intervention (RTI) approach with English-language learners (ELLs). Instructional and assessment considerations are discussed particularly as they pertain to issues of language and literacy development. Opportunities for collaboration among bilingual education, English as a second language, and general ed...

Using the alternatives (alt) tier in ToBI transcriptions allows labellers to capture annotation ambiguities explicitly; this labelling innovation allows researchers to address several open research questions concerning prosodic phonology. Furthermore, the standard alt notation allows this data to be shared among researchers and to be machine-readable for the examination of large labelled corpor...

Telephone Switches are characteristically long-lived, evolving systems. We describe how a legacy two-tier system for telephone switch management was reengineered as a three-tier web-based application using CORBA and Java. In this solution the design-time advantages of portability and abstraction brought by an IDL information model are combined with the universality and ease of use of a Java GUI...

We analyze customer’s brand choice of promotion effects on a High-tier brand and Low-tier brand products along dimensions of price and quality. Our empirical findings are based on a self-administered survey of some big grocery chain stores in one major city (Shanghai) in China between August 2006 to August 2008. The article raises a note of caution about promotion asymmetry effect and show that...

In a multi-tiered E-Business application, database access control can be implemented in the application tier or in the database tier or in both. We describe the advantages of Application Service Provider-based Supply Chain Management and present a much simplified database schema for this application. Common user queries which provide input to decision making systems relevant to supply chain opt...