Significance: Open fractures are fractures in which the bone has violated the skin and soft tissue. Because of their severity, open fractures are associated with complications that can result in increased lengths of hospital stays, multiple operative interventions, and even amputation. One of the factors thought to influence the extent of these complications is exposure and contamination of the...

Analyzing gray matter diffusion properties can be challenging due to possible measurement biases originating from averaging of gray matter (GM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signals. Therefore, a better characterization of CSF contamination effects in different cortical regions is required in order to disentangle actual changes in microstructure of GM itself from changes due to other effects su...

Wound infection is defined as the presence of replicating microorganisms within a wound with subsequent host injury. Infection must be distinguished from wound contamination (microorganisms are not replicating) and wound colonization (replicating microorganisms are present but do not cause host injury). Interestingly, some recent studies of dogs suggest that the organisms that infect a wound ma...

Biological markers in nasal secretions provide valuable information on nasal pathophysiology. However, published data on biomarker concentrations in nasal fluids are remarkably inconsistent, and the bias due to different sampling techniques, has not yet been systematically evaluated. Concentrations of various protein were repeatedly determined in nasal secretions of 16 healthy volunteers. The p...

Background Plastic is convenient, lightweight, unbreakable and relatively inexpensive. However, there are both environmental and health risk from the widespread use of plastics. Bisphenol A, a chemical that mimics the action of the human hormone estrogen, can leach from polycarbonate plastic. Bisphenol A has been found to stimulate prostate cancer cells7 and causes breast tissue changes in mice...

The role of quantitative bacteriology is considered controversial for the prediction of infection in open fractures. A study was done in 20 patients with open fractures. Post debridement pieces of skin, muscle and periosteal tissue were obtained for quantitative bacterial counts. Among a total of 50 samples from all of the tissues, 29 showed positive bacterial counts (16 of 20 skin, 11 of 20 mu...

Foodborne salmonellosis often follows consumption of contaminated animal products, which usually results from infected animals used in food production or from contamination of the carcasses or edible organs [2, 3]. Salmonella infection in meat animals, including cattle, swine and sheep, arises from intensive rearing practices and the use of contaminated feeds [8]. Cross-contamination of carcass...

This paper addresses the noticeable increase of 137Cs activity concentrations in soil and fallout in the area surrounding Zagreb (Croatia) that occurred at the time of the 2011 Fukushima accident. This topic is important for public health as 137Cs is highly toxic due to its long half-life of radioactive decay and chemical similarity to potassium. 137Cs concentrations in fallout were much greate...

Data collection in shallow water areas presents several challenges to the scientist. In addition to being redundant and time consuming, this task when performed manually has a high probability of disturbing the test area. Obstacles that are encountered in such environments include difficulty in covering large territories and the presence of inaccessible areas due to a variety of reasons, such a...

We explore the effect of contamination of intermediate redshift Type Ia supernova samples by Type Ibc supernovae. Simulating observed samples of Ia and mixed Ibc/Ia populations at a range of redshifts for an underlying cosmological concordance model (Ωm = 0.27, ΩΛ = 0.73), we find that even small contamination levels, 2− 5% may bias the derived ΩΛ and Ωm towards larger values. We thus emphasize...