Extracellular microRNAs are released from cells both passively and actively. The presence of these microRNAs in the tumour microenvironment (TME) can significantly impact on the plasticity of cancer cells leading to the promotion of metastatic and angiogenic processes. These extracellular microRNAs can act not only on other cancer cells, but also cells present in the TME, such as immune cells, ...

tI-frame = 2*tDCT + tVLC tP-frame = tME/C + tVLC(mv) + 2*tDCT tB-frame = 2*tME/C + tVLC(mv) + tDCT We note here that P-frame coding requires only forward (or backward) prediction, and hence, only one ME/C operation is performed. However, B-frame encoding involves bi-directional interpolation, and thus, requires 2 ME/C operations. We also note that the I(or P-) frame performs DCT both on the fra...

tumour cells that lead to life-threatening malignancy. These studies have provided a comprehensive understanding of the role of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, as well as their associated signal transduction pathways, in cancer [1]. In recent years, it has become clear that a complete understanding of the many steps and processes that occur during cancer progression must include the resp...

Ectopic lymphoid tissue, also known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) develop adaptively within sites of chronic tissue inflammation, thereby allowing the host to efficiently crossprime specific immune effector cells within sites of disease. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of TLO in the tumor microenvironment (TME) predicts better overall survival. We will discuss the relevance of ex...

As a substantial part of the brain tumor microenvironment (TME), glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) have an emerging role in tumor progression and in controlling anti-tumor immune responses. We review challenges and improvements of cell models and highlight the contribution of this highly plastic cell population to an immunosuppressive TME, besides their well-known functional role r...

The multifunctional platform response to the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical for high-precision diagnosis and treatment of cancer with low systemic toxicity. In this regard, vanadium-doped carbon dots (V−CDs) have been developed TME-activated fluorescence imaging chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Due Forster resonance energy transfer caused by doped vanadium, obtained V−CDs displayed quenche...

Innate immune cells form an integrative component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which can control or prevent tumor initiation and progression, due to the simultaneous processing of both anti- and pro-growth signals. This decision-making process is a consequence of gene expression changes, which are in part dependent on post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. In this context, microRNA...

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a revolutionary treatment for haematological malignancies (i.e. B-ALL). However, the success of this type of treatment has not yet been achieved in solid tumors. One hypothesis is that the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) influences and affects the efficacy of adoptive immunotherapy. Understanding the role of ...

Pericytes are multipotent perivascular cells whose involvement in vasculature development is well established. Evidences in the literature also suggest that pericytes display immune properties and that these cells may serve as an in vivo reservoir of stem cells, contributing to the regeneration of diverse tissues. Pericytes are also capable of tumor homing and are important cellular components ...

Mechanochemically Synergistic Treatment In article 2300103 by Xiaocong He, Hui Guo, Feng Xu, and co-workers, a combination therapy strategy based on extracellular matrix (ECM) modulator tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive drug is developed for the first attempt of mechanochemically synergistic treatment breast cancer. ECM modulation can enhance smart diffusion to cells, while following cont...