Vertebrate brains share many features in common. Early in development, both the hindbrain and diencephalon are built similarly. Only later in time do differences in morphology occur. Factors that could potentially influence such changes include certain physiological properties of neurons. As an initial step to investigate this problem, embryonic Alligator brain neurons were cultured and calcium...

Background: Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are considered as a type of mesenchymal stem cell that is beneficial target for numerous clinical applications in periodontal tissue regeneration therapy. Materials and Methods: This study examined the effects of dexamethasone (Dex) on human PDLSCs in vitro. PDLSCs obtained from the roots of patient’s teeth were cultured with Dex (0....

Hirai Y, Nishino E, Ohmori H. Simultaneous recording of fluorescence and electrical signals by photometric patch electrode in deep brain regions in vivo. J Neurophysiol 113: 3930–3942, 2015. First published March 11, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00005.2015.—Despite its widespread use, high-resolution imaging with multiphoton microscopy to record neuronal signals in vivo is limited to the surface of bra...

background: the contribution of neuroinflammation in alzheimer’s disease (ad) has been widely reported. the effects of female gonadal hormones in both neuroinflammation and brain cognitive functions have also been well considered. objectives: in the present study, the possible protective role for endogenous ovarian hormones against learning and memory impairment as well as brain tissues oxidati...

introduction: cypermethrin causes its neurotoxic effect through voltage-dependent sodium channels and integral protein atpases in the neuronal membrane. brain and nerve damage are often associated with low residual level of pesticides. in vitro and in vivo studies have also shown that pesticides cause free radical-mediated tissue damage in brain. propolis has antioxidant properties. the main ch...

normal pressure hydrocephalus (nph) is characterized by gait apraxia, urinary incontinence, and dementia. mixed connective tissue disease (mctd) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease that has never been reported to cause nph. our patient was a 67-year man with a one-year history of gradual worsening gait and balance, urinary urgency with urge incontinence and decreased short-term memory. p...

cytomegalovirus is the leading viral cause of congenital disease, often producing serious neurological deficits. cmv attacks the developing central nervous system (cns) resulting in serious brain disorders that include microencephaly, epilepsy, deafness, microgyria, mental retardation, sensory loss, motor problems, and psychiatric disturbances. in addition, cmv is a clinically important opportu...

background: methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (carbendazim) is a synthetic fungicide used against organisms that cause different types of plant diseases. it is widely used as a preservative in leather, paint, textile, fruit, and paper industry. it is also used as an anticancer drug in clinical medicine. methods: to evaluate the low dose toxicity of this compound in mammalian tissues, carbendazim...