the information obtained from written sources, archaeological limited surface excavations and surveys as well as environmental studies in sassanid towns have made their spatial characteristics clear to some extent and become effective in determination of functional and visual identity of these cities. nevertheless, there are still a lot of cities from this period which their names listed in wri...

By the early seventeenth century, about 180 cities, towns and townships in England Wales were administered as self-governing boroughs. In 1615, Bagg's Case, Coke CJ announced that King's...

Regional and Sub-Regional Population Dynamic Population Process in Urban Areas European Population Conference 21-24 June, 2006 Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is a long term process. This paper endeavors to illuminate on the process of urbanization in India over a century with emphasis on level, tempo of urbanization and u...

The direction of the upward light emission has different polluting effects on the sky depending on the distance of the observation site. We studied with detailed models for light pollution propagation the ratio bH bL , at given distances from a city, between the artificial sky luminance bH produced by its upward light emission between a given threshold angle θ0 and the vertical and the artifici...

In the Indian Census, growth of villages into small towns (called Census Towns, CT) accounted for almost 30% urbanization during 2001–11, which was significantly higher than preceding decades. This paper evaluates role transportation infrastructure in this phenomenon by using data from State West Bengal, has experienced birth largest number such towns. We use probit regression method involving ...

The majority of humanity now lives in cities or towns, with this proportion expected to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. As novel ecosystems, urban areas offer an ideal opportunity to examine multi-scalar processes involved in community assembly as well as the role of human activities in modulating environmental drivers of biodiversity. Although ecologists have made great strides...

Economic and social changes in recent decades led to regional imbalance and inordinate concentration of facilities in some parts and bereavement of other parts. We need to district and regional planning which its objective is providing an appropriate model for balanced distribution of services according to population of settlements or spatial balance in the region. The topics of sust...

The progressive potential of urban politics is the subject growing interest. However, debates have been largely focused on large cities with strong constituencies activists and Left-voting residents. We know little about opportunities challenges for in smaller areas. This article addresses these shortcomings through a discussion “progressive urbanism” relation to small towns. In doing so, it ma...