BACKGROUND Ingestion of creatine (Cr) and glycerol (Gly) has been reported to be an effective method in expanding water compartments within the human body, attenuating the rise in heart rate (HR) and core temperature (Tcore) during exercise in the heat. Despite these positive effects, a substantial water retention could potentially impair endurance performance through increasing body mass (BM) ...

A laboratory-based sprint running test has been devised to examine the performance characteristics and metabolic responses of an individual to 30 seconds of maximal exercise. A non-motorised treadmill was used so that the individual was able to sprint at his own chosen speed and also to vary his speed as fatigue occurred. The treadmill was instrumented so that the chosen speeds as well as the e...

The annual injury incidence rate among the 36 million runners in the United States is approximately 50%. The majority of those injuries occur at the knee joint. The purpose of this study was to measure lower extremity eccentric work and average vertical loading rates among four groups of runners. Seventy-four healthy runners volunteered for this study. The four groups of runners consisted of tr...

Obesity is an important risk factor for Achilles tendinopathy, and running is usually carried out to reduce excess body weight. Aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy in young over-weight amateur runners. MALE RUNNERS AND NON RUNNERS WERE RECRUITED AND, IN EACH CATEGORY, DIVIDED IN TWO GROUPS: normal weight, and overweight. Data about Achilles tendon thickness...

Despite growing interest from practitioners, politicians and the media, the political representation of Muslim ethnic minority women in the West has received scant scholarly attention. I address this gap with new data on the representation of Muslim ethnic minority women and men in 20 national legislatures from 2000 to 2010. Results reveal that Muslim ethnic minority women are increasingly elec...

The purpose of this study was to determine if runners who completed a 100 km ultramarathon race in the fastest times changed their running speeds differently compared to those runners who ran an overall slower race. Times were taken from the race results of the 1995 100 km IAU World Challenge in Winschoten, Netherlands. Race times and 10 km split times were analyzed. Runners (n = 67) were divid...

A comparative study on anthropometric measurements and adiposity indices among adult (18 23 years) Hindu (n=100) and Muslim (n=100) females showed significant difference (p<0.001) except maximum hip circumference. The study also revealed that Hindu females had higher overall and abdominal fat deposition than Muslim females. Comparison of body mass index cut off values (WHO, 1995) revealed that ...

Are Muslim immigrants subjected to targeted opposition (i.e., Islamophobia) on their pathway to US citizenship? Using a list experiment and a representative sample of the US population, we compare explicit and implicit opposition to Muslim and Christian immigrants. We find that Muslim immigrants, relative to Christian immigrants, experience greater explicit resistance. However, when social desi...

This paper presents a review of instantaneously trained neural networks (ITNNs). These networks trade learning time for size and, in the basic model, a new hidden node is created for each training sample. Various versions of the cornerclassification family of ITNNs, which have found applications in artificial intelligence (AI), are described. Implementation issues are also considered.

The article examines theoretical benefits and potentials of the formation of economic integration among the Muslim World. The degree of economic integration has often been used as a gauge of the success of economic moderate and structural adjustment policies. The Muslim World, as it stands today, is characterized by paradoxes and contradictions. Formation of economic integration among Muslim co...