This research uses multivariate cointegration analysis to assess the degree . of competition in the U.S. natural gas industry following the move to open access pipeline transportation. The testing methodology allows multiple nodes in the pipeline network to be analyzed simultaneously and is based on recent advances by Johansen (1988, 1991) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) on estimation and hypo...

On January 27, 2016, the Government of Canada announced that “direct and upstream greenhouse gas emissions” would factor into the regulatory review process for proposed pipeline projects.1 The new standard aims to address claims that new pipelines will induce greater expansion of Canada’s oil sands, producing more greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Specific details were not provided in the governm...

Introduction: Today, with development of various industries, the adverse events originated from explosion and emission of toxic and chemical substances have increased. These events may cause serious environmental problems that threaten human health and safety. Therefore, knowledge about the risk of toxic substances from industrial facilities is essential. Although, chlorine is extensively uti...

Pipelines have been acknowledged as the most reliable, economic and efficient means for the transportation of gas and other commercial fluids such as oil and water. The designation of pipeline system as “lifelines” signifies that their operation is essential in maintaining the public safety and well being. A pipeline transmission system is a linear system which traverses a large geographical ar...