At which level of analysis (descriptivist, empirical, epistemological), and along which perspective (sociological, linguistical, communicative), should we locate the distinctive criteria for the definition of translation? In other words, what are the necessary and sufficient conditions which constitute the object “translation,” exclusively this object and not any other object? This is the gener...

We consider neural sign language translation: machine translation from signed to written languages using encoder–decoder networks. Translating videos text is especially complex because of the difference in modality between source and target and, consequently, required video processing. At same time, are low-resource languages, their datasets dwarfed by those available for languages. Recent adva...

the present article reports a study carried out to investigate whether or not awareness of functional translation theories has any impact on the translation quality of translator trainees. 2oo iranian undergraduate students took part in this study. they were divided into four groups -two- experimental and two control groups. after homogenizing the participants by a toefl test, a translation pre...

The paper presents an ongoing work on the implementation of an MT system between Indonesian and Malaysian. The system uses a method of almost a direct translation exploiting the similarity of both languages. This method was previously used on a number of language pairs of European languages. The paper also makes an overview of linguistic phenomena which can negatively influence the translation ...

The genome of Iranian wheat stripe virus (IWSV), a tentative member of the genus Tenuivirus, is comprised of three ambisense and one negative sense RNA segments. The coat and non-structural proteins encoded by the vcRNA3 and vRNA4 genes, respectively, were efficiently translated in vitro. Translated proteins of vcRNA3 and vRNA4 transcripts were approximately 35000 and 22000 in Mr, respectively,...

Two alternative hypotheses attribute different benefits to codon-anticodon adaptation. The first assumes that protein production is rate limited by both initiation and elongation and that codon-anticodon adaptation would result in higher elongation efficiency and more efficient and accurate protein production, especially for highly expressed genes. The second claims that protein production is r...

Amid the rapid advancement of neural machine translation, challenge data sparsity has been a major obstacle. To address this issue, study proposes general augmentation technique for various scenarios. It examines predicament parallel corpora diversity and high quality in both rich- low-resource settings, integrates low-frequency word substitution method reverse translation approach complementar...

Translation is essential for promoting understanding of different genres and in languages. As more information published globally, the need translating a wide range document types has emerged, including books movies, that often require they are rendered to meet linguistic needs target audience. While grammatical translation might be easy, culturally bound items conversation impact approaches us...

We propose a new method to integrate multiple speech translation systems based on user interface-level integration. Users can select the result of free-sentence speech translation or that of registered sentence translation without being conscious of the configuration of the automatic speech translation system. We implemented this method on a portable device.