For more than a decade, most experts have assumed that more than 90% of HIV in African adults results from heterosexual transmission. In this exercise, we show how data from studies of risk factors for HIV can be used to estimate the proportion from sexual transmission, and we present our estimates. Calculating two ways from available data, our two point estimates - we do not estimate confidenc...

Different nosocomial pathogen species have varying infectivity and durations of infectiousness, while the transmission route determines the contact rate between pathogens and susceptible patients. To determine if the pathogen species and transmission route affects the size and spread of outbreaks, we perform a meta-analysis that examines data from 933 outbreaks of hospital-acquired infection re...

The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus in Zambia has led to a dramatic rise in the incidence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8)–associated Kaposi’s sarcoma in both adults and children. However, there is a paucity of knowledge about the routes of HHV-8 transmission to young children. The Zambia Children’s KS-HHV8 Study, a large, prospective cohort study in Lusaka, Zambia, was launched in 2004 ...

Beginning in 2007, the largest human Q fever outbreak ever described occurred in the Netherlands. Dairy goats from intensive farms were identified as the source, amplifying Coxiella burnetii during gestation and shedding large quantities during abortions. It has been postulated that wild rodents are reservoir hosts from which C. burnetii can be transmitted to domestic animals and humans. Howeve...

Secure data transmission and energy efficiency is one of the most prominent issues for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we present a secure and trustable hierarchical routing (STHR) scheme based on active detection model for large scale WSNs. The main objective of this paper is that it evaluates the nodal trust very quickly and avoids black holes through number of active detectio...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to describe what is known about HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, infection transmission routes, care, and sources of information, from the viewpoint of men having sex with men. METHODS National data (n = 2,072) was collected from June to August 2010 in Finland as part of a joint internet-based survey conducted in 38 countries (EMI...

The paper introduces the concept of a crystalline-like model of a computer communication network (CCN) composed of routers forming a repeating or periodic arrangement. The considered homogenous network assumes the same routers servicing the same number of transmissions form an array. In such a network several isomorphic sub-networks encompassing packet transmission processes serviced by each ro...

An ad hoc wireless network supports data networking without an infrastructure, so that users can use network services while continually moving. Each move of the mobile host affects the topology of the network and the transmission route. The Ad Hoc Backup Node Setup Routing Protocol (ABRP) is proposed to focus attention on the intrinsic properties of the ad hoc wireless networks. Basically, ABRP...

Lyme disease and Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE) are two emergent tick-borne diseases transmitted by the widely distributed European tick Ixodes ricinus. The life cycle of the vector and the number of hosts involved requires the development of complex models which consider different routes of pathogen transmission including those occurring between ticks that co-feed on the same host. Hence, we co...

The concept of plant venereal disease is examined from definitional, operational and axiomatic viewpoints. The transmission of many plant pathogens occurs during the flowering phase and is effected either by pollinators or by wind dispersal of spores from inflorescences. Attraction of insects by pseudo-flowers or sugary secretions also serves to spread many diseases. Given the diversity of proc...