Some recent creationists have attempted to address the light travel time problem indirectly with an implied appeal to a small universe. If the universe is no more than a few thousand light years in size, then the light travel time is eliminated almost by definition. Here I survey the methods used for establishing astronomical distances. The only direct method of measuring stellar distances gene...

This paper demonstrates a method for estimating the geographical accessibility of public hospitals. Cost path analysis was used to determine the minimum travel time and distance to the closest hospital via a road network. This analysis was applied to 38,000 census enumeration district centroids in New Zealand allowing geographical access to be linked to local populations. Average time and dista...

BACKGROUND Millions of children travel to school every day in India, yet little is known about this journey. We examined the distribution and determinants of school travel in Hyderabad, India. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling design. School travel questionnaires were used to collect data from children aged 11-14 years, attending priva...

BACKGROUND In the past fifteen years there has been a wave of closures of small maternity services in Canada and other developed nations which results in the need for rural parturient women to travel to access care. The purpose of our study is to systematically document newborn and maternal outcomes as they relate to distance to travel to access the nearest maternity services with Cesarean sect...

A simple and affordable method of evaluating blood coagulation ability using microfluidic paperbased lateral flow assay (LFA) device is reported. Rabbit whole blood treated with citrate as anticoagulant was used in experiments. Re-establishment of blood coagulation cascade and creation of different coagulation abilities were achieved by adding CaCl2 solutions of varying concentrations. Since vi...

Distance to school and car ownership were principal determinants of car travel. After adjustment for these factors, children at independent schools were still more likely to travel by car. Parental fear about “stranger danger” also influenced the decision to drive children to school. Although few translated questionnaires were requested, the study population adequately represented the ethnic di...

We report on a signature of chromospheric downflows in two emerging-flux regions detected by time–distance helioseismology analysis. We use both chromospheric intensity oscillation data in the Ca ii H line and photospheric Dopplergrams in the Fe i 557.6nm line obtained by Hinode/SOT for our analyses. By cross-correlating the Ca ii oscillation signals, we have detected a travel-time anomaly in t...