A reflex is an involuntary physiological response evoked by external stimuli. Robert Whytt, though he believed in the spirit, identified neural pathways that elicit some actions, including pupillary light reflex. Bell and Magendie found ventral dorsal spinal roots responsible for separate motor sensory functions. Marshall Hall elucidated medullary control of complex behaviors. Charles Sherringt...

In murine T cell development, early thymocytes that productively rearrange the T cell receptor (TCR) beta locus are selected to continue maturation, before TCR alpha expression, by means of a pre-TCR alpha- (pT alpha-) TCR beta heterodimer (pre-TCR). The aim of this study was to identify equivalent stages in human thymocyte development. We show here that variable-diversity-joining region TCR be...

To become mature T cells, developing thymocytes must first assemble a T cell receptor (TCR) chain gene encoding a TCR chain that forms a pre-TCR. These cells then need to generate a TCR chain gene encoding a TCR chain, which, when paired with the TCR chain, forms a selectable TCR. Newly generated VJ rearrangements that do not encode TCR chains capable of forming selectable TCRs can be excised f...

Differentiation of immature CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes into mature CD4+ or CD8+ T cells occurs within the thymus and is dependent upon expression of antigen receptor complexes (T cell receptor [TCR]) containing clonotypic alpha/beta proteins. We have recently found that CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes express low levels of surface TCR because of limitations placed on TCR assembly by the instability of nascent T...

Adoptive transfer of T cell receptor (TCR)-transduced T cells may be an attractive strategy to target both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. By introducing a TCR, large numbers of T cells with defined antigen (Ag) specificity can be obtained. However, by introduction of a TCR, mixed TCR dimers can be formed. Besides the decrease in TCR expression of the introduced and endogenous TCR,...

αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) activation plays a crucial role for T-cell function. However, the TCR itself does not possess signaling domains. Instead, the TCR is noncovalently coupled to a conserved multisubunit signaling apparatus, the CD3 complex, that comprises the CD3εγ, CD3εδ, and CD3ζζ dimers. How antigen ligation by the TCR triggers CD3 activation and what structural role the CD3 extracellul...

Background The aim of this study was to assess peripheral measures and central metabolites associated with lipids using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Twelve patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and 11 healthy controls participated. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we measured the levels of lipid 13a (Lip13a) and lipid 09 (Lip09) relative to total creatine (tCr) l...

In this paper, an absorber with a resistive film is proposed, which holds stable polarization absorption characteristics at large angles by exploring the principle of structure. The contains three layers: top layer metal patch film, and middle covered patch. thickness structure only 0.5 mm, can be perfectly attached to trihedral corner reflector (TCR) without affecting reflector. By laying on T...

Despite major advances in T cell receptor (TCR) biology and structure, how peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) ligands trigger αβ TCR activation remains unresolved. Two views exist. One model postulates that monomeric TCR-pMHC ligation events are sufficient while a second proposes that TCR-TCR dimerization in cis via Cα domain interaction plus pMHC binding is critical. We scrutinized 22 known TCR/pMHC c...

Sternutatio (sneeze) is a poorly understood polysynaptic physiologic reflex phenomenon; even less are some variations of the such as photic sneeze (photo-sternutatory reflex), sneezing induced by bright light, overeating, plucking eyebrows (palpebro-sternutatory reflex) and paroxysmal sneezing, episodes intractable sneezing. The present contribution reviews various aspects patho-physiology its ...