The geochemical behaviors of Vand Sc during partial melting are more similar to each other than to most other elements but, in detail, the partitioning of V is redox-sensitive whereas that of Sc is not. The V/Sc ratio in basalts is shown here to be a sensitive and robust recorder of the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of their mantle source regions. The use of V/Sc ratios differs from the use of V and/or...

Throughout the human history floods have been an integral part of the civilization. Still men have not quite coped well to live with floods. Flood hazards result from a combination of physical exposure and human vulnerability to a geophysical process. Physical exposure reflects the type of flood events that can occur and their statistical pattern at a particular site while human vulnerability r...

[1] These first measurements of specific surface area (SSA) of bulk samples of subsurfacemarine basalts were undertaken to determine the potential area available for microbial colonization. SSA ranged from 0.3 to 52 m/g of basalt with the lowest value coming from pillow basalt and the highest value from breccia. The average for massive and pillow basalts combined was 2.3 m/g. The total specific...

Within southern Mali, the Syama belt constitutes a linear major structure-oriented N-S, which host several gold deposits (e.g., and Tabakoroni) prospect areas (e.g. Tellem). The Belt is formed by magmatic rocks (basalts, lamprophyres, andesites, dacites microgranites); sedimentary (shales) volcano-sedimentary (pyroclastics). are divided into two main volcanic series: tholeiitic affinity (basalt...

flood disaster is considered as a major natural hazard due to its devastatingeffects on the affected areas. determining the flood vulnerable areas is important fordecision makers in order to perform planning and management activities. geographicalinformation system (gis) is integrated with multi criteria decision analysis (mcda)used to analyze the flood vulnerable areas. the aim of this researc...

Modern joint probability methods for estimating storm surge or flood statistics are based on statistical aggregation of many hydrodynamic simulations that can be computationally expensive. Flood risk assessments that consider changing future conditions due to sea level rise or other drivers often require each storm to be run under a range of uncertain scenarios. Evaluating different flood risk ...

The modeling of flood damage is an important component for risk analyses, which are the basis for risk-oriented flood management, risk mapping, and financial appraisals. An automatic urban structure type mapping approach was applied on a land use/land cover classification generated from multispectral Ikonos data and LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data in order to provide spatially detailed...

Fitting flood prediction curves by eye to the data of return period plots is an intuitive approach to estimating «-year flood discharge magnitudes from single-site data. However, the subjective nature of this "procedure" means that it is unlikely to be adopted as a recognized flood estimation technique. An experiment with a group of volunteers demonstrates that some individuals are capable of s...

In the United States, mitigating the adverse impacts of flooding has increasingly become the responsibility of local decision-makers. Despite the importance of understanding how and why flood mitigation techniques are implemented at the local level, few large-scale, empirical studies have been conducted in recent years. Our study examines the current status and extensiveness of flood mitigation...