Kanji dictionaries, which need to present a large number of complex characters in an order that makes them accessible by users, traditionally use several indexing techniques that are particularly suited to the printed medium. Electronic dictionary technology provides the opportunity of both introducing new indexing techniques that are not feasible with printed dictionaries, and also allowing a ...

Bilingual dictionaries provide meaning associations between the words of two languages, those of an ideal bilingual speaker. Learners can use these associations to look up foreign equivalents of known native words, but are forced to use script-based lookup methods when faced with unknown foreign words. This paper presents the Pinyomi Chinese-Japanese dictionary interface, which uses a novel met...

Habanera is a multipurpose multilingual lexical knowledge base that is developed at CRL to be used as a central repository of multilingual lexical data. The knowledge base contains a set of dictionaries and relations between entries, within a dictionary (e.g., synonymy) as well as between entries of different dictionaries (e.g., translation). The format of monolingual lexical entries is left re...

The Institute of Speech Sciences and Phonetics at Halle University is currently working on a new dictionary of German pronunciation, including the development of a “talking dictionary”. This development is done in cooperation with the Laboratory of Acoustics and Speech Communication at Dresden University of Technology. For this purpose a preliminary study was conducted, using a high-quality spe...

Learning from clinical experience (whether during formal research or in the course of patient care) is impeded by mainly two processes: bias and chance. Medical research results many times become inconclusive because some bias is detected after the results are available. A dictionary definition of ‘bias’ is ‘a onesided inclination of the mind. In statistics, ‘bias’ is ‘systematic error’ that ca...

Resale markets are necessary to correct misallocations of assets, but do they always ensure that goods end up in the hands of those who value them most? This article reviews theoretical arguments as to why this need not necessarily be so and when inefficiencies might be expected despite the presence of resale markets. Policy implications are also suggested.

In this paper we study foliations F on compact manifolds M , of real codimension 2, with a transversal holomorphic structure. We construct a decomposition of M into dynamically defined components, similar to the Fatou/Julia sets for iteration of rational functions, or the region of discontinuity/limit set partition for Kleinian groups in PSL(2,C). All this in tune with Sullivan’s well known dic...

The French Technolangue MEDIA-EVALDA project aims to evaluate spoken understanding approaches. This paper describes the semantic annotation scheme of a common dialog corpus which will be used for developing and evaluating spoken understanding models and for linguistic studies. A common semantic representation has been formalized and agreed upon by the consortium. Each utterance is divided into ...

As technology develops, the prevalence of conventional book dictionaries has slowly declined due to advancements in computer-mediated aids, such as online type-in dictionaries and program-installed pop-up aids. The goal of this study was to examine how technology ‘‘may” have changed the long-standing pedagogical practice of book dictionary usage by identifying the learning processes associated ...

A naı̈ve translation of recursive cases in type class instances will give code that allocates a new dictionary and copies the data from the input dictionary to the new dictionary for the recursive call. This record creation allocates memory and leads to bad performance for a conceptually simple and rather common operation, for example equality between lists. We present a positive supercompilatio...