With power systems switching to smart grids, real-time and on-line monitoring technologies for underground distribution power cables have become a priority. Most distribution components have been developed with self-diagnostic sensors to realize self-healing, one of the smart grid functions in a distribution network. Nonetheless, implementing a real-time and on-line monitoring system for underg...

Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) are active and emerging area of application of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), whereby sensor nodes are located under the ground environment. The communication between the nodes is done underground, with the aim of sensing events to transmit the sensed events to the sink, which is normally in the terrestrial environment. The most challenging issue i...

Urban underground space is an important non-renewable resource, and its value has increased in recent decades. Economic change and development is the most fundamental motive of evolution of the urban space, it also affected urban underground spatial development in a large degree. The paper try to analysis the urban economic affection in mechanism of evolution of urban underground space. The onl...

Studies about sediment erosion were mainly concentrated on the river channel sediment, the terrestrial sediment, and the underground sediment. The transport process of underground sediment is studied in the paper. The concept of the flush potential sediment is founded. The transport equation with stable saturated seepage is set up, and the relations between the flush potential sediment and wate...

Long and large tunnel structures are one of the main lifeline projects, their seismic damage should be given great attention. In order to understand performance tunnels other underground structures, this paper introduces origin development theory input methods long definition vulnerability, summarizes key factors vulnerability research, including site conditions, earthquake types, structural un...

elastic solutions applicable to single underground openings usually suffer from geometry related simplification. most tunnel shapes possess two axes of symmetry while a wide range of geometries used in tunneling practice involve only one symmetry axis. d-shape or horse-shoe shape tunnels and others with arched roof and floor are examples of the later category (one symmetry axis). in the present...

Exposure to gases and dust may induce airway inflammation. It was hypothesized that heavy construction workers who had been exposed to dust and gases in underground construction work for 1 yr, would have early signs of upper and lower airway inflammation, as compared to outdoor workers. A study group comprising 29 nonsmoking underground concrete workers (mean +/- SD age 44+/-12 yrs), and a refe...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: GPR GPS GIS 3D underground utility mapping Uncertainty modeling Uncertainty-aware visualization Accuracy assessment Underground utility lines being struck is a long-standing problem worldwide, causing public service disruptions, project delays, cost overruns, property damage, injuries, and fatalities that cost billions of dollars each year. Utility strikes are at...

Many applications for irrigation management and environment monitoring exploit buried sensors wired-connected to the soil surface for information retrieval. Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) is an emerging area of research that promises to provide communication capabilities to these sensors. To accomplish this, a reliable wireless underground communication channel is necessary, allow...

Knowledge of the ground condition and its hazards can play an important role in the selection of support and suitable excavation method in underground structures. Water transport tunnel is one of the most important structures with regard to the goal of excavation, special conditions and limitations considered in the design and execution of them. Beheshtabad Water Conveyance Tunnel with 64930 me...