Online rating systems are subject to malicious behaviors mainly by posting unfair rating scores. Users may try to individually or collaboratively promote or demote a product. Collaborating unfair rating ’collusion’ is more damaging than individual unfair rating. Although collusion detection in general has been widely studied, identifying collusion groups in online rating systems is less studied...

OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that chronic exposure to unfair treatment or day-to-day discrimination increases risk for poor health, but data on biological stress mechanisms are limited. This study examined chronic experiences of unfair treatment in relation to allostatic load (AL), a multisystem index of biological dysregulation. METHOD Data are from a sample of 233 African-American...

The trust levels of cloud services should be evaluated to ensure their reliability. The effectiveness of these evaluations has major effects on user satisfaction, which is increasingly important. However, it is difficult to provide objective evaluations in open and dynamic environments because of the possibilities of malicious evaluations, individual preferences, and intentional praise. In this...

the wto is an international organization which arranges international commercial rules and disputes settlements. increasingly joining of countries to the wto and movement for freedom of commercial regime in industrial or developing countries are deniable testimonies for globalization. gradual reduction of tariff and competition in exports and internal markets by their advantages have jeopardize...

Existing testbeds to evaluate reputation systems are mainly simulation based and are not flexible to perform robustness evaluations against unfair rating attacks. In this paper, we present a novel comprehensive testbed, which can evaluate reputation systems using both simulations and real data. The testbed incorporates sophisticated deception models and unfair rating attack models, and introduc...

The efficient planning, execution, and management of institutional frameworks for climate change adaptation are essential to sustainable development. India, in particular, is known be disproportionately vulnerable the consequences change. This study examines effects environmental taxes, corruption, urbanization, economic growth, ecological risks, renewable energy sources on CO2 emissions India ...