Although it is well established that during periods of torpor heterothermic mammals and birds can reduce metabolic rates (MR) substantially, the mechanisms causing the reduction of MR remain a controversial subject. The comparative analysis provided here suggests that MR reduction depends on patterns of torpor used, the state of torpor, and body mass. Daily heterotherms, which are species that ...

Severe storms can pose a grave challenge to the temperature and energy homeostasis of small endothermic vertebrates. Storms are accompanied by lower temperatures and wind, increasing metabolic expenditure, and can inhibit foraging, thereby limiting energy intake. To avoid these potential problems, most endotherms have mechanisms for offsetting the energetic risks posed by storms. One possibilit...

The effects of body mass and temperature on metabolic rate (MR) are among the most widely examined physiological relationships. Recently, these relationships have been incorporated into the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) that links the ecology of populations, communities and ecosystems to the MR of individual organisms. The fundamental equation of MTE derives the relation between mass and MR...

This paper completely deals with optical signal transmission; with encapsulation entire raw packets are converted as optical signals. Since the usage of internet and intranet are increasing day by day, the demands for bandwidth are also getting increased. In order to meet this demand, DWDM is deployed. DWDM enables service providers to accommodate consumer demand for ever-increasing amounts of ...

The evolution of flight energetics requires that phenotypes be variable, repeatable and heritable. We studied intraspecific variation in flight energetics in order to assess the repeatability of flight metabolic rate and wingbeat frequency, as well as the functional basis of phenotypic variation in workers and drones of the bumblebee species Bombus impatiens. We showed that flight metabolic rat...

proving to be a powerful separation technique. Electrochemical (EC) methods offer significant advantages over classical spectroscopic techniques for CE separations because electrochemistry occurs directly at an electrode surface and, thus, the limits of detection are not compromised by the small dimensions inherent in CE. This is in contrast to spectrophotometric detectors, in which the signal ...

Abstract Hibernation in mammals is a physiological and behavioral adaptation to survive intervals of low resource availability through profound decreases in metabolic rate (MR), core body temperature (Tb), and activity. Most small mammalian hibernators thermoconform, with Tb approximating ambient temperature (Ta); arctic species are an exception, since they must actively defend what can be larg...

wileyonlinelibrary.com detectivity of extrinsic photoconductive detectors depends on the ratio of optical carrier generation to thermal carrier generation. Traditionally, extrinsic silicon photodetectors have been limited by either high thermal impurity ionization or low optical carrier generation due to low absorption of sub-band gap radiation. Commonly used group III or V dopants (B, Al, Ga, ...

Energetically costly behaviours, such as flight, push physiological systems to their limits requiring metabolic rates (MR) that are highly elevated above the resting MR (RMR). Both RMR and MR during exercise (e.g. flight or running) in birds and mammals scale allometrically, although there is little consensus about the underlying mechanisms or the scaling relationships themselves. Even less is ...

The Source Path Isolation Engine (SPIE) is a system capable of tracing a single IP packet to its point of origin or point of ingress into a network. SPIE supports tracing by storing a few bits of unique information about each packet for a period of time as the packets traverse the network. Software implementations of SPIE can trace packets through networks comprised of slow to medium speed rout...