Thunderstorm case studies and earlier observations are described which illuminate the relationship between cloud vertical development and the prevalence of intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. A consistent temporal evolution starting with peak IC activity changing to predominant CG activity and concluding with strong outflow (microburst) suggests that ice is responsible for both ...

Thermochemical treatment was investigated experimentally at different air fluxes in an updraft reactor. The test rig equipped with a special attached door that will open specific time step. This unique feature allows investigators to obtain information on the packed bed color variation along heights of reactor evolves points time. analysis focused temperature dynamics obtained from installed th...