An initial step in hazard and risk assessment for an environmental contaminant is to identify the adverse effects resulting from exposure to a contaminant. What constitutes an adverse effect is not defined in environmental health legislation but is broadly defined in Federal risk assessment guidelines. For example, the EPA Integrated Risk Information System defines an adverse effect as “a bioch...

Upstream producers that possess market power, sell forwards with a lengthy duration to regional electricity companies (REC). As part of the liberalization of the electricity market, RECs have been privatized and exposed to a possible bankruptcy threat if spot prices have fallen below their expected value. The downstream firms’ expected profit is larger, when it is less likely to be bailed out, ...

A numerical simulation study to quantify the effect of upstream transport and fossil-fuel and biomass-burning emissions from East Asia on the surface ozone near Taiwan has been performed based on data taken April 8e13, 2001, when a cold air outbreak occurred. The TAQM (Taiwan Air Quality Model) is employed in this study. Results show that, without considering emissions in East Asia, upstream tr...

Using wireless geosensor networks (WGSN), sensor nodes often monitor a phenomenon that is both continuous in time and space. However, sensor nodes take discrete samples, and an analytical framework inside or outside the WSN is used to analyze the phenomenon.. In both cases, expensive communication is used to stream a large number of data samples to other nodes and to the base station. In this w...

This article aims to verify when operational performance is affected by two types of relationship embeddedness between firms and byers and suppliers. Based on 75 focal firms and their ties, our results point out that relational embeddedness reinforces structural embeddedness. Upstream and downstream relationships differ while affecting quality and productivity.

In this paper, two-dimensional (2-D) hybrid simulations are performed to investigate ion dynamics at a rippled quasi-parallel shock. The results show that the ripples around the shock front are inherent structures of a quasi-parallel shock, and the reformation of the shock is not synchronous along the surface of the shock front. By following the trajectories of the upstream ions, we find that t...

This paper addresses the question of how the competitive situation in a downstream market, the services, influences the innovative activity in an upstream market, the network infrastructure. To attend to the two-level-structure of the market presented above, the structure of the model follows models from the patent licensing literature. To adapt to the telecommunication sector this paper consid...

The literature on technology licensing has ignored the importance of market power of the input supplier. In this paper we examine the impact of licensing in the downstream industry when the firms in the upstream industry have market power. We show that licensing in the downstream industry can make the upstream industry more competitive. However, licensing in the downstream industry is profitabl...

Sustainability in supply chain operations fundamentally relies on environmental standards, the traditional driver of investment in pollution control and a major factor in facilities site selection. While environmental standardization has traditionally focused on activities in nations and in some multinational regions, in the future a more international perspective is needed. Environmental stand...

Green supply chain management, as a new area for research in the field of management, that plays a vital role in the development of a manufacturing sector across the world in general and India in particular. Recycled economy is a generic term for the activities of reduction, recycle and utilization of resources in the processes of production, circulation and consumption, etc. It centers on the ...