mantoux test using 2 iu of tuberculin prepared in iran was performed on 6675 healthy persons randomly selected from an urban population (shiraz) of iran. in 3776 persons with no evidence of previous bcg vaccination the rate of positive reaction was less than 2% up to the age of 14, slightly more than 2% among those 15-19 years of age, but strikingly higher (45.5%) in older age groups (p<0.001)....

Asia Pacific is experiencing multiple dynamics of urbanisation, economic growth, poverty and environmental deterioration. It is the largest region with more than 60 percent of the world population. About 43 percent of the total population in the region live in urban areas, of which 40 percent live in slums and substandard conditions. In the past 30 years, the urban population in Asia Pacific ha...

A systematic survey (March 2012Feb 2013) of Anopheline population in rural(Mogra) and urban(Dumdum) areas of West Bengal has been conducted to know the present population load of Anopheles subpictus. A preliminary attempt has been made to assess the potential morphological (wing) as well as molecular variation of Anopheles subpictus by using ITS-2 sequence primer. A considerable sequence variat...

The aim of the study was to evaluate differences in breast cancer incidence and stage of disease between the urban and rural female population in Podlaskie Voivodship in 2001–2002, before the introduction of the Population Screening Programme in 2006. Analysis was based on 696 breast cancer cases diagnosed in years 2001–2002 and registered in the CR in Białystok (Voivodship Cancer Registry). An...

Low population density and large distance from civilization centers generate high costs of isolation. Immigration reduces these costs for veteran residents but reduces social and cultural cohesion, increases the demand for scarce resources and affects the rate of urban unemployment. An expected net benefit maximization model for determining the optimal population size and the equilibrium urban-...

Urbanization is defined by the United Nations as the movement of people from rural to urban areas, whose population is projected to amount to half of the world’s population in 2008, rising to about 60% in 2030. As an increasingly higher number of people leave farms and villages to live in cities particularly in the developing countries, urban centres will grow at a rate previously unseen in man...

Cambodia is an agriculture and developing country. A large proportion of the population, 85% live in rural areas, and only 15% live in urban areas. It is estimated that currently, approximately 34.7% of the total population are living below the poverty line. The two most salient health-related problems linked to poverty in Cambodia are malnutrition and access to health care. Republic of Korea i...

In urban planning, sophisticated simulation models are key tools to estimate future population growth for measuring the impact of planning decisions on urban developments and the environment. Simulated population projections usually result in bulky, large-scale, multivariate geospatial data sets. Millions of records have to be processed, stored, and visualized to help planners explore and analy...

The world has experienced unprecedented urban growth in the last and current centuries. In 1800, only 3% of the world’s population lived in urban areas. It increased to 14 and 47% in 1900 and 2000, respectively. Since 2008, for the first time in history, more than half of the world population lives in the urban areas (Laski and Schellekens, 2007). In year 2003, United Nations estimated that by ...

To determine if urban residence is associated with an increased risk of anxiety/depression independent of psychosocial stressors, concentrated disadvantage or selective migration between urban and rural areas, this population wide record-linkage study utilised data on receipt of prescription medication linked to area level indicators of conurbation and disadvantage. An urban/rural gradient in a...