Nowadays, there is a greater need for energy efficient and stable underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). Underwater sensors usually do not have enough power, so the goal of underwater sensor networks is to make the network have a long lifetime. An underwater heterogeneous sensor network (UWHSN) is one way to cluster the sensors, and the application of UWHSNs is simple and fast, but robots, lifetim...

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) handle many underwater applications such as environment monitoring, surveillance and navigation. These generate varied types of traffic continuous bit rate, sporadic different packet sizes, leading to additional QoS requirements that are application dependent. This paper presents the development a Quality Service Aware Source Routing (QASR) protocol. ...

In this study, an effort to synchronize and localize the underwater sensors simultaneously in a multi-hop environment is considered. Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) has limited range connectivity due propagation delay bandwidth. By using environment, we can extend enhancing network for providing more accurate localization synchronization technique. We have established connection between poin...

Energy efficiency and reliability are widely understood to be one of the dominant considerations for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). In this paper, in order to maintain energy efficiency and reliability in a UWSN, Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) is adopted that is a combination of three techniques of geo-routing, multi-path routing, and Duty-Cycle mechanism. In the proposed alg...

Industries need solutions that can automatically monitor oil leakage from deployed underwater pipelines and to rapidly report any damage. The location prediction of mineral reservoirs like oil, gas, or metals in deep water is a challenge during the extraction these resources. Moreover, problem ores deposits on seafloor comes into play. abovementioned challenges necessitate for deployment wirele...

Underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) are of interest to gather data from underwater nodes (SNs) and deliver information a terrestrial access point (AP) in the uplink transmission, transfer AP SNs downlink transmission. In this paper, we investigate triple-hop UWSN which autonomous vehicle (AUV) unmanned aerial (UAV) relays enable end-to-end communications between AP. It is assumed that SN–AUV, AU...

<p><span lang="EN-US">In this paper, localizing a moving node in the context of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is considered. Most existing algorithms have had designed to work with static networks. However, practical case, dynamic due relative motion between transmitter and receiver. The main idea record time arrival message (ToA) stamp estimating drift sampling freque...

A key research area in wireless transmission is underwater communications. It has a vital role in applications such as underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) and disaster detection. The underwater channel is very unique as compared to other alternatives of transmission channels. It is characterized by path loss, multipath fading, Doppler spread and ambient noise. Thus, the bit error rate (BER) is i...

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) communication at high frequencies is extremely challenging. The intricacies presented by the underwater environment are far more compared to the terrestrial environment. The prime reason for such intricacies are the physical characteristics of the underwater environment that have a big impact on electromagnetic (EM) signals. Acoustics signals are by far...

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been successfully applied to underwater routing protocols due its powerful ability of distributed decision making. However, the traditional RL slow convergence speed and low efficiency in underwater. Meanwhile, too many studies focus on using find hop paths rather than short distance routing, while long ocean communication is significant reason for packets collis...