background outer membrane protein d (pd) is a highly conserved and stable protein in the outer membrane of both encapsulated (typeable) and non-capsulated (non-typeable) strains of haemophilus influenzae. as an immunogen, pd is a potential candidate vaccine against non-typeable h. influenzae (nthi) strains. objectives the aim of this study was to determine the cytokine pattern and the opsonic a...

The choice of adjuvants is critical for any vaccine whether prophylactic or therapeutic. Our group previously showed that incomplete Freund’s adjuvant, commonly used in different cancer vaccine trials, had many undesirable effects on T cell trafficking and function which directly translates into poor anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical murine model. Switching from oil-based (IFA) to water based ...

The innate immune pathways induced by adjuvants required to increase adaptive responses to influenza subunit vaccines are not well characterized. We profiled different TLR-independent (MF59 and alum) and TLR-dependent (CpG, resiquimod, and Pam3CSK4) adjuvants for the ability to increase the immunogenicity to a trivalent influenza seasonal subunit vaccine and to tetanus toxoid (TT) in mouse. Alt...

D evelopment of an effective HIV-1 vaccine has been an elusive goal for over 20 years despite being an urgent global priority. The agonizingly slow progress is not from lack of effort, but is a consequence of the insidious biology of the virus. HIV-1 has many features that make vaccine development challenging, if not impossible [1]. Pessimism is based in part on the empirical observation that t...

Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an allergen-specific treatment for people with IgE-related allergies. used to treat allergic disorders when symptoms persist despite medication and allergen avoidance. The therapy presumed effective if it reduces the use of medications, improves quality life even after discontinuation treatment, as well prevents conversion one type allergy other developm...

Aluminum (Al) hydroxide is an effective adjuvant used in sheep vaccines. However, Al-adjuvants have been implicated as potential contributors to a severe wasting syndrome sheep—the so-called ovine autoimmune-inflammatory induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome). This work aimed characterize the effects of repetitive injection Al-hydroxide containing products lambs. Four flocks (Flocks 1–4; n = 21 e...

BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus remains a potential pandemic threat, and it is essential to continue vaccine development against this subtype. A local mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract may stop influenza transmission. It is therefore important to develop effective intranasal pandemic influenza vaccines that induce mucosal immunity at the site of vi...

background: the major problem of dna vaccine is less immunogenicity of them verses other killed or live whole organism vaccines therefore adjuvants for use in this kind vaccines is very necessary. genetic adjuvants with bacterial sources are an appropriate approach to modulate immune responses to dna vaccines. listeria monocytogenes proteins such as listeriolysin o (llo) with cd4 and cd8 epitop...