OBJECTIVE To evaluate the endometrial effects and determine patients' acceptance of transdermal progresterone cream compared to standard hormone therapy. METHODS Healthy menopausal women were recruited and received a pretreatment endometrial biopsy (EMB). They were randomized to 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) daily and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) (Prempro, Wyeth USA) o...

Female fetuses of C57BL/Tw mice were injected subcutaneously with 50 microgram 17 beta-estradiol on day 17 of fetal life. The treatment was proved to induce ovary-independent proliferation and cornification in the vaginal epithelium in later postnatal life. These fetuses were sacrificed on day 19 or 20, or on the 3rd day after birth. Histological observation on day 19 or 20 of fetal life did no...

The opening of the mouse vaginal cavity to the skin is a postnatal tissue remodeling process that occurs at approximately five weeks of age for the completion of female genital tract maturation at puberty. The tissue remodeling process is primarily composed of a hormonally triggered apoptotic process predominantly occurring in the epithelium of the distal section of the vaginal cavity. However,...

BACKGROUND Vaginal candidiasis is frequent among pregnant women and it is treated with anti-fungal medication (conazoles). Conazoles have anti-androgenic properties and prenatal exposure in rodents is associated with a shorter (less masculine) anogenital distance (AGD) in male offspring. To our knowledge this has never been studied in humans. METHOD In the Odense Child Cohort pregnant women r...

GENITOURINARY syndrome of menopause (GSM), preablative CO laser. After the third treatment paviously known as vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), is a condition affecting postmenopausal women, often characterized by vaginal dryness, burning, itching, irritation, dysuria and dyspareunia. Therapies range fromvaginalmoisturizers to lowdose topical estrogen, and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Cost...

Studies with an estrogen-dependent murine model of vaginal candidiasis suggest that local cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is more important than systemic CMI for protection against vaginitis. The present study, however, showed that, compared to uninfected mice, little to no change in the percentage or types of vaginal T cells occurred during a primary vaginal infection or during a secondary vagina...

OBJECTIVE Estriol is an estrogen with considerably weaker stimulatory effects on endometrial proliferation than estradiol. A study was conducted to determine the effects of oral estriol on vaginal flora and endometrial thickness. METHODS Fifty-nine postmenopausal women (50-75 years of age), complaining of pruritus or vaginal discharge, participated in the study. Vaginal flora and endometrial ...