INTRODUCTION In North India snake bite deaths are predominantly seen with neurotoxic envenomations (NEs) whereas in South India the hemotoxic envenomation (HE) is more common. Krait is responsible for most deaths in North India. It bites people sleeping on the floors, mostly at night. We describe the profile of venomous snake bites over 1 year in 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was cond...

Animal toxin envenomations have medical as well as ecological significance. Toxin-producing animals are categorized under either venomous group or poisonous group. Venomous animals are capable of producing and delivering the toxin during a biting or stinging act whereas poisonous animals are those whose tissues, either in whole or in part, are toxic. [1] About 75% of the world’s animal species ...

background & importance: iniencephaly is a rare cranio-cervical deformity. it belongs to neural tube defects. this disorder is characterized by a retroflexion of head, a very short neck, varying degrees of incomplete posterior closure of vertebrae and cervical and thoracic spinal synostosis. this malformation is associated with central nervous system and systemic malformations. most of patients...

conclusions pneumoventricle is rare but it can be established after spinal trauma. by awareness of such possibility, accurate diagnosis by clinical examination and imaging is essential for these types of injuries introduction the presence of air within the intracranial cavity, due to the entry of air secondary to an abnormal communication after a dural tear, is defined as pneumocephalus and int...

In this issue of International Immunopharmacology, Hilda Vásquez and her colleagues present the pharmacokinetics of an F(ab′)2 scorpion antivenom administered intramuscularly in human volunteers. Although to some readers' eyes this topic may appear frightfully esoteric, it in fact addresses a controversy that has plagued clinical toxinologists for decades, one that affects the life and health o...

Snakes have provided a serious threat to primates throughout evolution. Furthermore, bites by venomous snakes still cause significant morbidity and mortality in tropical regions of the world. According to the Snake Detection Theory (SDT Isbell, 2006; 2009), the vital need to detect camouflaged snakes provided strong evolutionary pressure to develop astute perceptual capacity in animals that wer...

introduction:surgical treatment of diseases in cervicothoracic, thoracic and thoracolumbar regions can be a challenging issue. cooperation of the thoracic surgeons and spine surgeons can improve the outcomes and decrease the complications of patients who underwent these approaches.materials & methods: the participants of this study consisted of seventeenpatients suffering from different types o...

background: to determine the most important preoperative factors that affect postoperative coronal parameters of scoliotic curves.   methods: all adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (ais) patients included in the study were classified according to lenke and king classification. the fusion levels were selected according to the rigidity of the existing curves (correction less than 50%), tilt of t1 an...