Thermocouples are the most frequently used sensors for temperature measurement because of their wide applicability, long-term stability and high reliability. However, one of the major utilization problems is the linearization of the transfer relation between temperature and output voltage of thermocouples. The linear calibration equation and its modules could be improved by using regression ana...

Performance Index: We evaluate phase noise of VCO as a performance index of frequency domain, and cycleto-cycle jitter and cycle-jitter, as performance indices of time domain. The cycle-jitter is estimated from the histogram of period (Ti) in oscillation waveform, and, the cycle-to-cycle jitter is estimated by histograming the difference in periods from one cycle to the next (Ti-Ti-1). The cycl...

Purpose: In the last years, dual-energy CT imaging has shown clinical value thanks to its ability to differentiate materials based on their atomic number and to exploit different properties of images acquired at two different energies. C-arm CT systems are used to guide procedures in the interventional suite. Up to now, there are no commercially available systems that employ dual-energy materia...

PURPOSE In the last years, dual-energy CT imaging has shown clinical value, thanks to its ability to differentiate materials based on their atomic number and to exploit different properties of images acquired at two different energies. C-arm CT systems are used to guide procedures in the interventional suite. Until now, there are no commercially available systems that employ dual-energy materia...

An electric spring (ES) with series connection to non-critical loads (NCLs) is mainly known as a smart load (SL) technology that can compensate undervoltages and overvoltages. In this paper, an improved control method presented for the regulate effective value of critical (CL) voltage nominal harmonics caused by grid side. The spring’s performance simultaneous magnitude regulation harmonic dist...

We have produced thick-foil and fine-pitch gas electron multipliers (GEMs) using a laser etching technique. To improve production yield we have employed a new material, Liquid Crystal Polymer, instead of polyimide as an insulator layer. The effective gain of the thick-foil GEM with a hole pitch of 140 μm, a hole diameter of 70 μm, and a thickness of 100 μm reached a value of 10 at an applied vo...

We have studied the magnitude and length scale of potential fluctuations in the channel of metal– oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors due to the random positions of ionized impurities in the depletion layer. These fluctuations effect the threshold voltage of deep submicron devices, impede their integration, and reduce yield and reliability. Our simple, analytic results complement numer...