A cross-sectional telephone survey (n = 2,332) was performed to better understand the drinking water consumption patterns among residents in Waterloo Region, Ontario, Canada. We investigated the daily volume of water consumed (including tap and bottled) and factors related to that consumption. In addition, we investigated the daily volume of cold tap water consumed by those respondents who cons...

BACKGROUND Over the past years, there has been increase in packaged water consumption in Nigeria. Although, there are several studies on microbial safety of sachet packaged drinking water, there is no information on prevailing pathogens. FINDINGS A comprehensive literature search and meta-analysis of peer reviewed primary studies reported from 2005 for microbiological safety of packaged drink...

This study considers water use by Canadian manufacturing firms. The estimation of water demands is based on a detailed crosssectional survey of establishment-level observations on water prices, quantities, and expenditures. Industrial water use is modeled as having four components: intake, treatment prior to use, recirculation, and discharge. Average values for the estimated own-price elasticit...

A number of existing risk assessment tools make reference to, or incorporate, a Multiple Barrier Approach to drinking water safety. Three waterborne disease outbreaks that occurred in developed nations were used as case studies to test a selected set of risk assessment tools. The outbreaks were used to determine how well the risk assessment tools identify hazards and vulnerabilities associated ...

The Michigan Safe Drinking Water Act (Act 399) was enacted in 1976 and enables the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) to maintain the state's authority over drinking water in the state. The DEQ also contracts with local health departments to maintain non-community programs in each county. Private water wells throughout the state are clearly the most troublesome for users and reg...

Dwr Cymru Welsh Water supplies over three million people with drinking water throughout most of Wales (UK). Ortho-phosphate has increasingly been dosed at around 1 mg/L (P) to further reduce the corrosivity of supplies to the lead pipes which connect approximately 30% of houses to water mains in the company's area, additional to long-establish pH adjustment measures. The installation of new ort...

Original scientific paper Although there have been important developments in marine propellers since their first use in 1850, the main concept has been conserved. Parallel to the developments in the computer technologies in the past 50 years, methods based on the circulation theory are often used for the design and analysis of propellers. Due to the ability to predict the propulsion performance...

abstract regarding the imprecise or fuzzy data on the agriculture activities, applying models based on fuzzy data may be useful. in line with this condition this study tries to compare the ability of possiblistic programming approach in developing optimal solution with fuzzy and deterministic programming. to get this objective a data set obtained from 90 farmers of kohgilooye region, gathered i...

The aim of this paper is to research the establishment of Chinese rural drinking water market. On the basis of prior research on rural drinking water and water market, we study the market establishment and analyze trading elements, procedure and modes of Chinese rural drinking water market. Then we explore the operating mechanism of the market, such as the supply and demand mechanism, the price...