bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. in endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. the steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...

The discovery of aquaporins by Agre and co-workers provided an answer to the long-standing biophysical question of how water can pass cell membranes. The identification and characterization of several aquaporins expressed in the kidney has allowed detailed insight, at the molecular level, into the fundamental physiology and pathophysiology of renal water metabolism.

THE CRUSTACEAN X organ-sinus gland complex has been extensively studied and shown to regulate such diverse activities as molting, integumentary and retinal pigment movements, blood glucose levels, ovarian development, and many others. The elucidation of the controlling mechanisms of these activities is complicated by the interdependent relationships among them. Further complications arise from ...

Oxidative stress is recognized widely as being associated with various disorders including diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. It is well established that hydrogen has a reducing action. We therefore investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich water intake on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with either type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We perfo...

We put “nutrient” in quote because, technically, water is devoid of any nutrition. It has no carbs, proteins, or fat, and no calories. There are no vitamins or minerals, just two hydrogen atoms clinging to one oxygen atom. Yet this simple molecule is designed by our God to sustain all life and promote metabolism. Your body is comprised of 70-80% water, and 80% of people on this planet live clos...

OBJECTIVES The susceptibility to arsenic (As)-induced diseases differs greatly between individuals, probably to a large extent due to genetic differences in arsenic metabolism. The aim for this study was to identify genetic variants affecting arsenic metabolism. METHODS We evaluated the association between urinary metabolite pattern and polymorphisms in three gene-groups related to arsenic me...

Oryzias latipes (Adrianichthyidae), known as Japanese medaka or Japanese killifish, is a small 2-4 cm long fish common in rice paddies in coastal Southeast Asia and is also a popular aquarium fish. It has been widely used as a research model because of its small size and because it is very easy to rear. Alkalinity stress is considered to be one of the major stressors on fish in saline-alk...

T HE POLLOWING STUDIES are concerned with the questions of a) how much salt can be put in a rat’s food before it stops eating; b) how much salt can a rat ingest before toxic symptoms set in; and c) the extent to which salt toxicity depends on the amounts of water that a rat drinks in relation to the salt content of its diet. These studies were originally undertaken because of observations made ...

It is well-known that the blood properties change with seasons, and especially many reports in respect to change in water content have been made. For example, Kuroda (1) reported that the water content in blood increases in summer, while it decreases in winter. The fact can be explained by the view of Bazett (2), Sjostrand (3), Yoshimura and others (4) that the circulating blood volume, especia...

Abstract. Freshwaters are important emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), two potent greenhouse gases (GHGs). While aquatic surface GHG fluxes have been extensively measured, there is much less information about their underlying sources. In lakes reservoirs, can originate from horizontal riverine flow, the hypolimnion, littoral sediments, water column metabolism. These sources gen...