The onset of phytoplankton blooms in late winter, early spring has been traditionally associated with the shoaling of the mixed layer above a critical depth. Here we show that the onset of a bloom can also be triggered by a reduction in air-sea fluxes at the end of winter. When net cooling subsides at the end of winter, turbulent mixing becomes weak, thereby increasing the residence time of phy...

Stress at the interface of a bilayer actuator can lead to delamination, and this stress increases with the difference in the Young’s moduli of the two layers. In this study, an actuator that includes a third ‘buffer’ layer is modeled, and it is shown how optimization of the thickness and modulus of this layer can reduce stress at that interface to zero, with no loss of curvature and only a smal...

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a key brain area controlling both hippocampal input and output via neurones in layer II and layer V, respectively. It is also a pivotal area in the generation and propagation of epilepsies involving the temporal lobe. We have previously shown that within the network of the EC, neurones in layer V are subject to powerful synaptic excitation but weak inhibition, wher...

Despite the weak nature of interlayer forces in transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials, their properties are highly dependent on the number of layers in the few-layer two-dimensional (2D) limit. Here, we present a combined scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and GW theoretical study of the electronic structure of high quality single- and few-layer MoSe2 grown on bilayer graphene...

Three-dimensional (3D) GIS is gaining more and more acceptance among both scientists and the general public. Though powerful in data visualization, 3D GIS is comparatively weak in geospatial analysis. In order to enhance 3D GIS’s analysis capability, we present an approach for integrating geospatial processing services into 3D GIS. The architecture of our approach contains four layers which are...

Local optimization and filtering have been widely applied to model-based 3D human motion capture. Global stochastic optimization has recently been proposed as promising alternative solution for tracking and initialization. In order to benefit from optimization and filtering, we introduce a multi-layer framework that combines stochastic optimization, filtering, and local optimization. While the ...

In the title compound, C17H18O5, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 31.23 (16)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are packed in an anti-parallel fashion in layers along the a axis. In each layer, very weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur between the meth-oxy and methyl ester groups. Weak C-H⋯π inter-actions between the 4'- and 5'-meth-oxy groups and neighbouring benzene rings [meth-oxy-C-...

In the title compound, C(25)H(21)F(2)N(3)O(5), the pyrimidine and difluoro-benz-yloxy rings are twisted away from the central quinoline ring system, making dihedral angles of 54.6 (1) and 74.1 (1)°, respectively. A weak C-H⋯O inter-action links symmetry-related mol-ecules, forming a pseudo-dimer. π-π inter-actions between the quinoline rings of symmetry-related mol-ecules [centroid-centroid dis...

We investigate oneand multi-dimensional stability of noncharacteristic boundary layers in the limit approaching a standing planar shock wave Ū(x1), x1 > 0, obtaining necessary conditions of (i) weak stability of the limiting shock, (ii) weak stability of the constant layer u ≡ U− := limz→−∞ Ū(z), and (iii) nonnegativity of a modified Lopatinski determinant similar to that of the inviscid shock ...

The Fudenberg and Maskin folk theorem for discounted repeated games assumes that the set of feasible payoffs is full dimensional . We obtain the same conclusion using a weaker condition. This condition is that no pair of players has equivalent von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities over outcomes. We term this condition NEU ("non-equivalent utilities"). The condition is weak, easily interpreted, and ...