S U M M A R Y The spacing of interpolation supports in the Earth can be optimized to fit local resolution by connecting natural neighbours with springs of length equal to the local resolving length and minimizing the potential energy of the system. A triangulation scheme for the starting configuration of the grid is implemented to avoid that the optimization converges to an unacceptable local m...

A computationally efficient technique for reducing interconnect active power is presented. Power reduction is accomplished by simultaneous wire spacing and net ordering, such that crosscapacitances are optimally shared. The existence of a unique power-optimal wire order within a bundle is proven, and a closed form of this order is derived. The optimal order of wires depends only on the activity...

In the antenna arrays the side lobe level is main problem which causes wastage of energy. This paper describes the application of a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm, known as the Particle Swarm Optimization Gravitational Search Algorithm(PSOGSA) to optimize the spacing between the elements of the linear antenna array to produce a radiation pattern with minimum side lobe level. Numeric...

In this letter, the loss due to imperfect channel estimation is derived for pilot symbol assisted binary phaseshift keying (BPSK) on fading channels with diversity. The presented approach, which holds for both narrow-band and spread spectrum communication, further provides an analytical optimization of pilot symbol spacing. The loss due to channel estimation is demonstrated to be low if the max...

Stereological methods for serial sections traditionally assume that the sections are exactly equally spaced. In reality, the spacing and thickness of sections can be quite irregular. This may affect the validity and accuracy of stereological techniques, especially the Cavalieri estimator of volume. We present a new formula for the accuracy of the Cavalieri estimator that includes the effect of ...

The relationship between species richness and the occupation of niche space can provide insight into the processes that shape patterns of biodiversity. For example, if species interactions constrained coexistence, one might expect tendencies toward even spacing within niche space and positive relationships between diversity and total niche volume. I use morphological diversity of passerine bird...

Spatial order is the organizing principle of the visual areas in the brain. But to what extent does this spatial mapping help us see where things are? Observers trained to perfectly recall the spatial order of seven items presented simultaneously for 5 s were asked to report their order when flashed for only 150 ms. We found that the capacity for perceiving the order of these brief stimuli was ...

We measured the supernumerary spacing parameter of the first- and second-order rainbows of two glass rods, each having an approximately elliptical cross section, as a function of the rod's rotation angle. We attribute large fluctuations in the supernumerary spacing parameter to small local inhomogeneities in the rod's refractive index. The low-pass filtered first-order rainbow experimental data...