On 10 September 2011, a patient in his 50s was admitted to hospital in Ancona, Italy, after six days of high fever and no response to antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) infection was suspected after tests to determine the aetiology of the fever were inconclusive. On 20 September, WNV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in the patient’s serum. Genomic sequencing of the viral isolate sh...

The accumulation and fixation of mutations in West Nile virus (WNV) led to the emergence of a dominant genotype throughout North America. Subsequent analysis of 44 isolates, including 19 new sequences, from Houston, Texas, suggests that WNV has reached relative genetic stasis at the local level in recent years.

We tested for negative effects of West Nile virus (WNV) on a breeding population of eastern bluebirds in Alabama by comparing fecundity and reproductive success in years before and after the arrival of WNV and by comparing fecundity, reproductive success, and overwinter survival of seropositive and seronegative individuals within the same population in the same years. We found that female blueb...

It is without question that “‘[d]etermination of the proper coverage of an insurance contract when the facts are not in dispute is a question of law’”, i.e., a legal determination. Tennant v. Smallwood, 211 W.Va. 703, 568 S.E.2d 10, 13 (2002) (citations omitted). Nevertheless, it is not uncommon for a party seeking coverage in a declaratory judgment action to identify an “expert witness” to tes...

We examined West Nile virus (WNV) seroprevalence in wild mammals along a forest-to-urban gradient in the US mid-Atlantic region. WNV antibody prevalence increased with age, urbanization, and date of capture for juveniles and varied significantly between species. These findings suggest several requirements for using mammals as indicators of transmission.

In this paper, I show that we should understand the direction of fit of beliefs and desires in normative terms. After rehearsing a standard objection to Smith’s analysis of direction of fit, I raise a similar problem for Humberstone’s analysis. I go on to offer my own account, according to which the difference between beliefs and desires is determined by the normative relations such states stan...

We present an X-ray spectral analysis using XMM-Newton /EPIC observations (?100 ks) of the merging galaxy cluster Abell 3365 ( z = 0.093). Previous radio suggested presence a peripheral elongated relic to east and smaller candidate west center. find evidence temperature discontinuities at location both relics, indicating shock with Mach number ? 3.5 ± 0.6 towards second 3.9 0.8 west. also ident...