one of the most important theoretical concepts in international relations is the concept of ‘state’, in relation to which all of the theories and discourses reflect their viewpoints. however, sometimes there are said to be falls in state-nations. islamic-jurisprudential discourse and critical western discourse, admitting the role of state as a key element in international relations and respecti...

Islamic economic development everywhere will not have a significant impact without strong political support, including the of economy in Indonesia. Jamaluddin Al-Afghani as an 18th-century Muslim reformist figure had idea movement unity Muslims known Pan-Islamism response to deterioration nations due colonialism and imperialism western nations. The purpose this study was explore ideas strengthe...

Termites are the most important soil fauna in the Sahelian zone of Africa, intensely interacting with the soil. Both the biotic and abiotic state of the soil affect the termite population and activity. The construction by termites of nests, gallery systems or sheetings from soil or from a mixture of soil and other material within the soil horizons or on the soil surface affect the physical and ...

female genital mutilation in different parts of the african continent isconsidered as one of the vast territory’s social problems. this social problem whichis accounted as an old tradition in different countries of the african continent hashad so many unpleasant physical and mental effects on urban and rural africanwomen during recent centuries. throughout recent decades, considerable effortsha...

Scholars, practitioners, and activists have all contributed to the discussion of decolonization evaluation practice in recent years as attention has increasingly focused on persistent harms colonization. While these discussions led development frameworks rooted Indigenous locally-situated understandings, values, methods, little been paid colonial origins Western-based practices that continue pe...

This contribution pinpoints the interconnectedness between Nato's military buildup at start of Atlantic Alliance under umbrella U.S. assistance to Europe, revamping a few manufacturing sectors that it fostered across Western and early steps in making intra-European economic integration through cooperation productions. After an introduction, section two cast light on bilateral programs western E...