Global challenges raised by biomedical advances require global responses. Some international organizations have made significant efforts over the last few years to establish common standards that can be regarded as the beginning of an international biomedical law. One of the main features of this new legal discipline is the integration of its principles into a human rights framework. This strat...

The worldwide collaboration and cooperation of enterprises of all sizes have increased the need for interoperability standards, especially for businesses in global environments. Such standards are concerned with the communication aspects of information and communication technology (ICT), such as protocols, safety, and security, as well as the syntax and semantics of the communication content. S...

The Global Grid Forum’s Scheduling and Resource Management Area is actively pursuing the standards that are needed for interoperability of Grid resource management systems. This includes work in defining architectures, language standards, APIs and protocols. In this article we overview the state of the working groups and research groups in the area as of September 2002.

An extensive global system of private food regulation is under construction, one that exceeds conventional regulation thought of as being driven by public authorities like FDA and USDA in the U.S. or the Food Standards Agency in the UK. Agrifood and grocer organizations, in concert with some farming groups, have been the primary designers of this new food regulatory regime. These groups have es...

Harmonisation of accounting standards has been an important process in response to globalisation of capital markets. “The globalisation of capital markets and the developments in telecommunications and the internet bring new significance to the need for comparable and transparent financial reporting and require new thinking by companies, investors, creditors and auditors about what financial in...

IT architecture is often assumed to follow business strategy, to align IT with the business’s strategic objectives. Increasingly, though, many business strategies depend on specific underlying IT capabilities. To develop a synergy between business strategy and IT architecture, firms must develop organizational competencies in IT architecture. My research has identified four IT architectural sta...

Transnational business regulation is increasingly implemented through private voluntary programs – such as certification regimes and codes of conduct – that diffuse global standards. However, little is known about the conditions under which companies adhere to these standards. We conduct one of the first large-scale comparative studies to determine which international, domestic, civil society, ...

M-commerce uses the potential of wireless technologies to expand the reach of e-commerce applications to any time and any place. Mobile applications can be used to support transactions with customers and suppliers and to conduct e-business within and across organizational boundaries and are becoming an integral part of an organization’s strategy. M-commerce has great potential to promote global...

abstract   modern beehive (langstroth) has entered in iran more than 60 years ago. through these years beehive has been changed differently. losing inner lid, integration of bottom and body and lack of uniformity in body and frame size has detracted it’s performance.! on the other hand, global warming has been an issue in the past 30, 40 years and these hives are not designed for this weather a...