This paper studies repeated interactions between an agent and an unknown opponent that changes its strategy over time. We propose a framework for learning switching nonstationary strategies. The approach uses decision trees to learn the most up to date opponent’s strategy. Then, the agent’s strategy is computed by transforming the tree into a Markov Decision Process (MDP), whose solution dictat...

Game theory is a huge area of mathematical (and economical) research. We restrict ourselves mainly to two person zero-sum games, in which you make a decision and your opponent makes a decision (no cooperation allowed!), and your winnings equal your opponents loss. The main result is the so-called minimax theorem. Essentially, game theory is about playing against a (possibly) better player and e...

In the surviving fragments of his treatise On Heraclea historian Memnon assigns a central role to exiles from Heraclea. As opponents tyranny, they represented destabilising element, constant danger survival Clearchid regime. This article explores events that led banishment exiles, reconstructs politics expulsion implemented by tyrants, and clarifies status their political orientation in light M...

The Apostle Paul can rightly be regarded as "the Theologian of Weakness." Yet Paul's theology of weakness developed in a dynamic fashion in response to the situations facing him, and his particular formulations are consistently adapted and designed to meet particular issues at hand. Nowhere is this more clearly seen than in those letters in which the apostle finds himself forced to answer the c...

An information structure in a non-cooperative game determines the signal that each player observes as a function of the strategy profile. Such information structure is called non-manipulable if no player can gain new information by changing his strategy. A Conjectural Equilibrium (CE) (Battigalli in Unpublished undergraduate dissertation, 1987; Battigalli and Guaitoli 1988; Decisions, games and...

the name of sadegh hedayat(1903-1951) reminds many people of a pioneering author in fiction, with works having a lot of advocates and opponents.  hence, many studies have been conducted regarding his works in the area of stories and translation from french, but his researches on and translations from the pahlavi language has less been noticed and analysed, however, he was one of the leading aut...