AIM To test whether a simple animal, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), can be used as an alternative model to study the interaction between hepatitis B virus antigens (HBsAg) and host factors. METHODS Three plasmids that were able to express the large, middle and small forms of HBsAgs (LHBsAg, MHBsAg, and SHBsAg, respectively) driven by a ubiquitous promoter (fib-1) and three that were abl...

In the recent years, exceptional fossil sites have revealed astonishing details on anatomy, lifestyles and behaviour of Cambrian animals but surprisingly, very little is known about one their most vital features, reproduction. We describe here in situ eggs (clusters 3 to 30 oocytes) tube-dwelling priapulid worm Paraselkirkia sinica from Stage Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte (ca. 514 Ma, South China). The...

In this paper, we propose a formal definition of ‘Computer Worms’ and discuss some of their properties. We begin by reviewing the formal definition of ‘Computer Viruses’, and their properties. We then define ‘Computer Worms’ as a subclass of viruses, and show that many of the interesting properties derived for viruses hold for worms. Finally, we summarize results, draw conclusions, and propose ...

Internet worms pose a major threat to Internet infrastructure security, and their destruction will be truly costly. Therefore, the networks must be protected as much as possible against such attacks. In this paper we propose automatic and accurate system for signature generation for unknown polymorphic worms. We have designed a novel double-honeynet system, which is able to detect new worms tha...

Welchia worms were launched to terminate the Blaster worms and patch the vulnerable hosts. They created complex worm interactions as well as detrimental impact on infrastructure. Worm propagation analysis, including exploring mechanisms of predator-prey worms’ propagation and formulating effects of network/worm parameters, has great importance for worm containment and host protection. In this p...

The complex interactions among internet worms have great impact on the dynamics of worms. To contain the propagation of worms, it is necessary to characterize these interactions. Therefore, a two-worm interaction model is presented in this paper. Different from previous researches, we have considered the influence of adaptive human reaction stirred by one cooperative worm on the other worm in t...

Nowadays, the security of P2P networks is alarming ascribing to worms which propagate by exploiting common vulnerabilities in P2P software. Taking account of the topology of P2P networks and the behavior of worms, this paper models the propagation of active worms in unstructured P2P networks. Simulations indicate that propagation of worms in P2P networks is much faster than that in un-P2P netwo...

In recent years, fast spreading worms have become one of the major threats to the security of the Internet. In order to defend against future worms, it is important to understand how worms propagate and how different scanning strategies affect their propagation. In this paper, we model and analyze worm propagation under various scanning strategies, such as idealized scan, uniform scan, divide-a...