background: foot -and- mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in iran. molecular techniques for diagnosis of persistent infection or carrier animals have shown a potential ability to improve the detection of a low genome copy number in samples. objectives: the purpose of this study is to evaluate the frequency of foot and mouth disease viral carriers in slaughtered sheep in mashhad industrial abattoir ...

Objective(s): The results of studies on vaccine development for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus show that the use of inactivated vaccines for FMD virus is not completely effective. Novel vaccinations based on immuno-dominant epitopes have been shown to induce immune responses. Furthermore, for safety of immunization, access to efficient adjuvants against FMD virus seems to be critical.Materi...

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) sub-clinically infected animals, are always a threat to susceptible herds. During Hajj season 2009 (1431 Hijri) the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) imported about 204,583 sheep from FMD free areas from Republic of Georgia through Jeddah Islamic seaport. The animals were clinically free from FMD and authorized as not been previously vaccinated. However, but during the ...

FMD virus is an aphtovirus within the picornaviridae family. The most important characteristics in the epidemiology of the disease include the rapid growth of the virus, its stability under a variety of conditions and the occurrence of serotypes (Donaldson, 1991). There are seven serotypes and several subtypes within each. The infections caused by different serotypes are clinically indistinguis...

Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is measured as the increase in diameter of a conduit artery in response to reactive hyperemia, assessed either at a fixed time point [usually 60-s post-cuff deflation (FMD(60))] or as the maximal dilation during a 5-min continuous, ECG-gated, measurement (FMD(max-cont)). Preliminary evidence suggests that the time between reactive hyperemia and...

BACKGROUND Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) has immense potential to become a clinical, non-invasive biomarker of endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability, which regulate vasomotor activity. Unfortunately, FMD analysis techniques could deviate significantly in different laboratories if a validation process is not involved. The purpose of this study was to provide validation to the asse...

OBJECTIVE Functional memory disorder (FMD) is an acquired nonorganic condition characterized by significant deficits of memory and concentration that occur in daily living and are thought to be caused by psychosocial burden and distress. FMD is an important differential diagnosis to organic mild cognitive impairment. Although frequent, FMD is under-researched and mostly diagnosed by exclusion r...

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) has a long history in Sri Lanka and was found to be endemic in various parts of the country and constitutes a constant threat to farmers. In Sri Lanka, currently there is no regular, nationwide vaccination programme devised to control FMD. Therefore, improving farmers' knowledge regarding distinguishing FMD from other diseases and ensuring prompt reporting of any su...

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is highly contagious disease among cloven-hoofed animals. FMD virus has structural and non-structural proteins. Vp1 is the most immunogenic structural peptides of FMD virus, applied for major vaccine studies. Objective: Construction of Pet28-VP1 cassette for FMD virus type O/IRN/2010 and expression VP1 peptide as the most immunogenic antigen was the aim of this stud...

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious disease that affects cloven-hoofed livestock and wildlife. FMD has been a problem for decades, which has led to various measures to control, eradicate and prevent FMD by National Veterinary Services worldwide. Currently, the identification of areas that are at risk of FMD virus incursion and spread is a priority for FMD target surveillance aft...