The DNA of the transducing phage lambdarifd18 contains, among others, the genes for the ribosomal proteins L11, L1, L10, and L12 and the beta and beta' subunits of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6). In a coupled in vitro protein-synthesis system, lambdarifd18 DNA directs the synthesis of about four to five molecules of L12 per molecule of L10. This i...

Article history: Received 8 March 2007 Received in revised form 14 October 2009 Accepted 20 October 2009 Available online xxxx JEL classification: D24 L63 L86

Dual licensing has proved to be a sustainable business model for various commercial software vendors employing open source strategies. In this paper we study the main characteristics of dual licensing and under which conditions it represents a profitable commercial strategy. We show that dual licensing is a form of versioning, whereby the software vendor uses the open source licensing terms in ...

Replacement of the L10.L7/L12 protein complex and L11 in Escherichia coli ribosomes with the respective rat counterparts P0.P1/P2 and eukaryotic L12 causes conversion of ribosomal specificity for elongation factors from prokaryotic elongation factor (EF)-Tu/EF-G to eukaryotic EF (eEF)-1alpha/eEF-2. Here we have investigated the effects of protein replacement on the structure and function of two...

The mechanisms for the control of ribosomal protein synthesis have been characterized in detail in Eukarya and in Bacteria. In Archaea, only the regulation of the MvaL1 operon (encoding ribosomal proteins MvaL1, MvaL10, and MvaL12) of the mesophilic Methanococcus vannielii has been extensively investigated. As in Bacteria, regulation takes place at the level of translation. The regulator protei...

This paper develops a simple model of piracy to analyze its effects on prices and welfare and to study the optimal enforcement policy. A monopolist produces an information good (involving a “large” development cost and a “small” reproduction cost) that is sold to two groups of consumers differing in their valuation of the good. We distinguish two settings: one in which the monopoly is regulated...

This paper examines a model in which position auctions influence consumer search. Both the selection of firms to include and the ordering of firms affect the efficiency of consumer search. Implications for reserve prices, click-through weights, and product variety are discussed. A two-stage auction mechanism is proposed. JEL Classification No.: D44, L86, M37

The giant cholinergic neuron R2 of Aplysia was cultured in combination with identified neurons L11 and R15 and members of a group of left upper quadrant (LUQ) cells L2 to L6 from the abdominal ganglion. All of these neurons receive cholinergic input from other cells in vivo, but not from R2. In vitro, R2 reliably formed unidirectional chemical connections with these cells. Single action potenti...

This paper estimates how overall consumer spending responds to changes in gasoline prices. It uses the differential impact across consumers of sharp drop prices 2014 for identification. estimation strategy is implemented using comprehensive, high-frequency, transaction-level data a large panel individuals. The average estimated marginal propensity consume (MPC) out unanticipated, permanent shoc...